The;
First Book of KIAl
Jim Buttered, Stan Gckers, and Eric Rehnke
j n AY DUN
The
First Itook of KIA\
Edited by
JIM BUTTERFIELD • STAN OCKERS • ERIC REHNKE
GO
HAYDEN BOOK COMPANY, INC.
Rochelle Park, New Jersey
Dedicated to the person who just purchased a KIM-1
and doesn't know what to do with it .. .
Individual programs in this book were contributed by the various authors
without copyright restrictions.
These programs may be used or copied without restriction. It is, how-
ever, common courtesy to quote author and source when copying; and a
copy of any published material should be sent directly to the author.
In general, program authors welcome comments, suggestions or revi-
sions to their programs. Depending on circumstances, they may not find it
possible to reply to all correspondence.
If you develop a program that you'd like to share with other KIM users,
send it in to KIM/6502 User Notes, 109 Centre Avenue, W. Norriton, Penn-
sylvania 19401. It might appear in User Notes . . . and even in a future Book
of KIM.
ISBN 0-8104-5119-0
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78-53963
Copyright © 1977, 1978 by F. J. Butterfield. All rights reserved. Except as
noted above, no part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced, or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
knovyn or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to
the Publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
123456789 PRINTING
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 YEAR
IN THIS BOOK YOU'LL FIND:
A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO KIM PROGRAMMING:
guidelines which take the absolute beginner, step by step, through
the fundamentals of understanding and writing programs.
RECREATIONAL PROGRAMS:
dozens of programs including games, diversions and educational
programs; fully detailed so that you can learn from the programming
techniques as well as have fun. All programs run on the basic
KtM-1 system.
DIAGNOSTIC AND UTILITY PROGRAMS:
to help you test your KIM computer — to help you test other devices,
such as cassette recorders — and to make your KIM a more
powerful machine.
EXPANDING YOUR KIM:
guidelines on how to expand your KIM from the basic small-but-
powerful KIM-1 system to a huge-and-super-powerful machine;
understanding the jargon; seeing what's available in both hardware
and software.
CONNECTING TO THE WORLD:
an introduction to the methods by which KIM can read or sense
other devices, and can in turn control other mechanisms.
POTPOURRI:
other useful pieces of information about your KIM system; reference
material, hints, etc.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to all who have supported the KIM-1/6502 User Notes, from which
much of this material was taken. A special thanks to Earl Nied for the use
of his KIM-interfaced Selectric.
The KlM-1 microcomputer is manufactured by Commodore/ MOS Technol-
ogy, 950 Rittenhouse Road, Norristown, Pennsylvania 19401. It may be
obtained directly from the manufacturer or from many hobbyist computer
retail stores. At the time of writing, the complete KIM-1 system (less power
supply) sells for $245.
All programs in this book run on the basic KIM-1 system; two require an
audio amplifier.
A BEGINNER'S GUIWE
TO
KIA\ I'ltOORAAtAIISMi
A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO KIM PROGRAMMING . '
Running programs can be fun. But writing programs can be
even more fun .. and exasperating, and exhilirating, too!
When you get the hang of it - and it will take time -
you'll be able to create your own games, diversions, or
useful routines. This section tries to introduce you to
the mechanics of programming, so you can find your own way
at your own speed.
Don't be afraid to use ideas from other parts of this book.
If you like, try changing parts of a program or two and see
what happens. And you can borrow whole sections of coding
from another program if it does something you want.
LOOKING AT MEMORY
0 Random Access Memory.
If you've just turned your KIM system on, press the
RS (Reset) button to get things started. Hit the following
keys: AD (for ADDRESS) 0 0 0 0. You've just entered the
address of memory cell 0000, the lowest numbered one in
memory. The display will show 0000 (the number you
entered) on the left. On the right, you'll see the
contents of cell 0000: it will be a two digit number. That
number might be anything to start with; let's change it.
Press key DA (for DATA). Now you're ready to change the
contents of cell 0000. Key in 44, for example, and you'll
see that the cell contents have changed to 44.
Hit the + button, and KIM will go to the next address.
As you might have guessed, the address following 0000 is
0001. You're still in DATA mode (you hit the DA key,
remember?) , so you can change the contents of this cell.
This time, put in your lucky number, if you have one.
Check to see that it shows on the right hand part of the
display.
This kind of memory - the kind you can put information into
- is called RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory.
Random access means this: you can go to any part of memory
you like, directly, without having to start at the lowest
address and working your way through. Check this by going
straight up to address 0123 and looking at its contents
(key AD 0 1 2 3); then address 0000 (key AD 0 0 0 0) , which
should still contain the value 44 that we put there.
6
Hexadecimal Numbers
Now that you're back at address 0000, let's step through
several locations using the + key. Don't worry about
contents too much. 0001 will still contain your lucky
number, of course, but keep stepping with the + key until
you reach 0009. What will the next address be? Most people
would think that the next number should be 0010, and that
would be correct if KIM used the familiar decimal numbering
scheme. But KIM still has six more digits to go past 9,
because it uses a computer numbering scheme called
Hexadecimal. Hit the + key and you'll see address 000A come
up.
Don't let the alphabetic confuse you - to KIM, A is just
the digit that comes after 9. And there are more digits to
come. Keep pressing the + button and you'll see that A is
followed by B, C, D, E and F. Finally, after address 000F,
you'll see address 0010 appear.
A word about pronunciation: don't call address 0010 "ten";
say "one zero" instead. After all, it isn't the tenth value
after 0000; it's really the sixteenth (the word Hexadecimal
means: based on sixteen) .
If you don't understand why the letters appear, don't worry
about it too much. Just understand, for the moment, that
the alphabetics represent genuine numbers. So if you're
asked to look at address 01EB, you'll know that it's a
legitimate address number like any other. And if you're
told to store a value of FA in there, go right ahead -
you're just putting a number into memory.
When you get time, you'll find lots of books that explain
Hexadecimal numbering in detail. There's even an appendix
in your 6502 Programming Manual on the subject. It makes
important and worth-while reading. But for now, just
recognize that although the numbers may look a little
funny, they are still exactly that: numbers.
Read Only Memory
So far, we've talked about one kind of memory, called RAM.
You recall that we said that you can store numbers into
RAM.
There's another kind of memory in KIM, but you can't store
numbers there. It's called ROM, for Read Only Memory. This
kind of memory contains fixed values that cannot be
changed .
7
For example, let's look at address 1C3A (key AD 1 C 3 A) .
You'll see the value 18, and that value never changes. Try
it: press DA 6 6 to try to change the contents to 66. See
how it won't work?
ROM contains pre-stored programs which do important things
like lighting the display, detecting keyboard input, and
reading or writing your cassette tape. These programs are
called the Monitor . In fact, the name KIM stands for
Keyboard Input Monitor in recognition of the importance of
these programs. We'll talk briefly about the Monitor
programs later.
Special Memory Locations
A few addresses in KIM are connected to things that aren't
really memory at all. You can read up on them in the KIM
User Manual when you're ready; we'll just point out a few
examples here.
If you try to store a number into address 1700, for
example, you might find that instead of storing the value,
KIM will convert it to voltages and deliver these voltages
to certain pins on your Application Connector at the edge
of the board! Another example: address 1704 connects to a
very fast timer - look at that address and you'll see
"time going by" as a blur!
8
If
MINI-PROGRAM A; Swap the contents of two locations
This is our first beginner's program.
It doesn't do much: just exchanges the contents of
locations 0010 and 0011. But it's a start, and you'll
learn quite a few things about getting KIM programs
going .
CAUTION: Before running this or any other program, be
sure that you have set the contents of the KIM "vector"
locations as follows:
Set address
Set address
Set address
Set address
17FA to 00
17FB to 1C
17FE to 00
17FF to 1C
The first two locations are needed so that your SST
switch and ST key will work right. The last two make the
BRK (break) instruction behave properly. YOU MUST ALWAYS
SET UP THESE LOCATIONS AS SOON AS YOU TURN ON YOUR KIM
SYSTEM.
Loading the Program
We'll take time to describe how the program works later.
First, let's see how to load it. A listing usually
looks something like this:
0200 A5 10 START LDA 10 address 10 to A
0202 A6 11 LDX 11 address 11 to X
0204 85 11 STA 11 A to address 11
0206 86 10 STX 10 X to address 10
0208 00 BRK stop the program
The business end of the program - the part that goes into
the computer - is the group of numbers on the left hand
side. The stuff on the right helps explain what the
program does.
If you look at the numbers on the left, you'll see that
the first one, 0200, looks like an address. That's
exactly what it is, and we can start by entering it with
AD 0 2 0 0. The next number is A5, and that will be its
contents. So hit DA A 5, and the display will confirm
that we've put it in.
9
Keep going on the same line. Each line of the program
listing may contain more than one value - for more than
one address.
The next value is 10, and it needs to go into 0201.
You don't need to enter the address. Just hit the +
key and there you are - enter 1 0 and you've got it.
Notice you didn't need to hit DA; you stay in Data mode
until you press the AD key. Continue to the next
line: just hit + A 6 + 1 1 and keep going until you've
put the 00 in location 0208. Congratulations! You've
loaded your first program. Now go back and check it
for correctness. Hit AD 0 2 0 0 and use the + key to
step through and check the values.
Now let's run the program and see if it works. First,
look at the contents of addresses 0010 and 0011. Make
a note of them; when the program runs, it will swap
those two values.
Keep in mind that loading the program doesn't make
anything happen. You have to run it to do the job -
and that's what we'll do next. ,
Running the Program
Set address 0200. That's where the first instruction
in the program is located - you may have noticed that
it's marked START in the listing. Now the display
shows 0200 A5, and we're ready to go. So - hit GO.
And the program will run.
Doesn't take long, does it? The display will have
changed to 020A xx. If the display shows any other
address, something's wrong. Check that your SST switch
is off (left) , that the program is entered correctly,
and that your vectors are OK.
Your program ran in less than a fifty thousandth of a
second. No wonder you didn't see the display
flicker .
Now check that the program did indeed run correctly by-
looking at the contents- of locations 0010 and 0-011.
You'll see that they have been exchanged.
10
How it works
Inside the Central Processor (the heart of the
computer) are several temporary storages called
registers. You can LOAD many of these registers with
the contents of memory; and you can STORE the contents
of the registers into memory. The two registers we are
using here are called A and X.
If we Load A from address 10, A now contains a copy of
the contents of 0010. Location 0010 itself won't be
changed; it will also contain that number. We do the
same thing when we Load X from address 0011.
Now our A and X registers contain copies of the numbers
in 0010 and 0011 respectively. If we Store A into
address 0011, that address will now contain a copy of
the value in A - which was originally the contents of
address 0010, remember? Finally, we Store X into 0010
to complete the swap.
Look at the listing again. On the right hand side, we
have the program exactly as we have described it, but
abbreviated. You can see that LDA means Load A and so
forth. The BRK (Break) at the end/ stops the program.
Step by Step
Let's go through the program a step at a time -
literally. Maybe you're satisfied that it works. Even
so, follow this procedure. It will show you how to
test any KIM program.
First go back to addresses 0010 and 0011 and put a
couple of brand new numbers there. This will help you
see the computer operating.
How set address 0200 again, but don't press GO yet.
*> 're going to "Single Step" our program, and see every
?truction work. So slide the SST (Single STep)
iaitch over to the right ... and then read the next ..,
section carefully.
Seeing the Registers
Registers A and X, plus quite a few we haven't talked
about, are inside the 6502 microprocessor chip. There's
no way you can view them - they are buried deep within
the electronics.
To help you out, the KIM Monitor system will write out
a copy of these registers into memory where you can
inspect them. The contents of the A register may be
seen at address 00F3, and the contents of the X
register are at 00F5.
Don't be confused: These locations are not the actual
registers, just copies made for your convenience. But
it's a great convenience, for it allows you to see
everything that's going on inside the microprocessor.
A Small Step for a Computer, but ...
If you're set up at location 0200 and your SST switch
is on, hit the GO button once. The display will show
0202. That means: instruction at 0200 completed, ready
to do the one at 0202.
Okay, let's check everything in sight. The first
instruction was to load the A register, right? Enter
address 00F3 and check that its contents (which
correspond to the contents of A) are indeed the value
from address 0010. If you like, look at 0010 and
confirm that it hasn't changed.
Now for a clever KIM touch. If you're ready to proceed
with the next instruction, hit PC (for Program Counter)
and you'll find yourself back at address 0202, ready to
perform the next instruction.
You've executed one instruction, performed one program
step. Remember this: No matter how complex the program,
it always operates one simple step at a time. And now
you know how to check out each step, individually.
Hit GO and execute one more instruction. Check it out -
remember that you'll find X at address 00F5.
12
From this point, find your own way through the last two
instructions. Don't bother about the BRK (Break); it
just stops the program. As the two registers are
stored, you'll want to check that the memory addresses
have been changed as expected.
Summary
The most important things that you've learned about
coding are:
— the BRK (code 00) command stops the program;
— the SST switch causes a single instruction to be
executed;
— the internal registers can be viewed.
BUT YOU MUST SET YOUR VECTORS PROPERLY (see the
beginning of this section) OR NONE OF THE ABOVE WILL
WORK!
A complete list of the register image addresses can be
found in the KIM User Guide on page 39, Fig. 3-13 -
when you need it.
From here on, you don't have to take anybody's word for
any KIM operation. You can go to your KIM, set SST,
and try it for yourself.
Exercises
1. Can you change the program so that it swaps the
contents of locations 0020 and 0021?
2. Billy Beginner wrote the following program to swap
the contents of locations 0010 and 0011:
0200 A5 10 START LDA 10 put 0010 into A
0202 85 11 STA 11 store A to 0011
0204 A6 11 LDX 11 put 0011 into X
0206 86 10 STX 10 store X to 0010
0208 00 BRK stop
It didn't work. Can you see why?
3. Can you write a program to take the contents of
address 0010 and place the same value in locations
0011, 0012, and 0013?
13
MINI -PROGRAM B:
Setting many locations to zero
Here's the program:
0200 A9 00
0202 A2 09
0204 95 30
0206 CA
START LDA #0 value 0 into A
LDX #9 start X at 9
0207 10 FB
0209 00
LOOP STA 30, X zero into 0030+X
DEX decrease X by 1
BPL LOOP back if X positv
BRK stop the program
This program, when you load and run it, will set the
value of the ten locations from 0030 to 0039 to zero.
We can't give you a whole programming course here.
Hopefully, you'll use the Programming Manual and the
single-step feature to trace .out exactly what the
program does. But here are a few highlights:
When we load registers A and X in the first two
instructions, we don't want to load the contents of a
memory location. Instead, we want the actual values 0
and 9. To do this, we use a new kind of addressing
called IMMEDIATE addressing.
Immediate addressing, when we use it, says "Don't go to
memory - use this value." Immediate addressing can be
spotted two ways. First, note the # sign that we use
in writing the program: that signals that we are using
immediate mode adressing. Secondly, you may have
noticed that the computer instruction (called the Op
Code) has changed: the previous program used code A5
to mean LDA; now we're using A9 , which also means LDA
but signals immediate addressing.
You can - and should - use the SST feature to check
that immediate addressing works as advertised.
The instruction at 0204 uses the X register for
INDEXING. That means that instead of storing the A
value in address 30, the computer first calculates an
effective address by adding the contents of the X
register to the "base address" of 30. Since X contains
9 the first time through, the effective address will be
30+9 or 39 - and that's where we store our A value of
00. Later, X will be decreased to a value of 8 , so
we'll store into address 38.
14
4
Indexing seems complicated, but remember that it's a
very powerful feature of KIM. Try to g«et the hang of
it; it's well worth the effort.
The DEX instruction (Op Code CA) is the one that
decreases X from 9 to 8 (and later to 7, 6, 5 and so
on) . Eventually, as this part of the program is
automatically repeated, X will reach a value of 00.
Finally, when we decrement X one more time, X will go
to value FF, which KIM "sees" as a negative number,
kind of like the value -1. KIM views all values in the
range 80 to FF as negative - when you're ready, the
Programming Manual will tell you more.
The BPL instruction at line 0207 is a CONDITIONAL
TEST. BPL means Branch plus. If the result of our
previous operation (Decrement X) gives us a positive,
or plus, number, we will branch back to address 0204
and repeat the instructions from that point. The X
values of 9, 8, 7 ... down through 0 are all positive
or plus; so each time we'll go back and set one more
location in memory to value zero. Finally, X becomes
equal to value FF - a negative number. So in this
case, BPL won't branch: the "plus" or "positive"
condition isn't satisfied.
This last time, since BPL doesn't take us back, we
proceed to the following instruction, BRK, which stops
the program. That's OK because we've done our job of
setting addresses 0030-0039 to value zero.
Single Step the program carefully, checking the value
of X from time to time (location 00F5, remember?).
Satisfy yourself that you can see it working.
By the way, that funny address on the branch
instruction (FB) is a special kind of addressing mode
called RELATIVE addressing. All branches use it; it's
worth reading up on.
Exercises
1. Can you change the program to place value 55 in the
above locations?
2. Can you change the program to place value 00 in
locations 0030 to 0037?
3. Can you change the program to place value FF in
locations 00A0 to 00BF?
15
* INTERLUDE - PROGRAM TESTING
You've met one very powerful tool for checking out
programs - the Single Step mode of operation. Let's
review it and talk about a few others.
The SST mode is especially useful because you can pause
between instructions and look at memory or registers.
The register values are copied into memory locations
from OOEF to 00F5, and while they are not real
registers, just copies, they are just as good for
testing purposes. Not only can you look at them, you
can change them to new values. This ability to change a
register can be handy in solving the "what if ... " type
of question, or shortening testing of a loop.
For example, if you are single-stepping through
mini-program B and you don't want to go around the loop
a full ten times, you might use this trick. Go around a
couple of times to get the loop started, and then change
X (00F5) to a much lower value, say 1 or 2. Go back to
single-stepping. A couple more turns around the loop,
and you're out. Using this method, you won't have set
the whole ten locations to zero, of course. But you
will see that the loop itself is working right.
The Inserted BRK (Break)
Sometimes SST seems slow. You might have a long
program, and you're sure that the first part is
working. What you want is a way to run directly through
the first bit, and then stop and single-step the rest.
It's not hard. Decide where you want the program to
stop, so you can start single-stepping. Then put a BRK
command, code 00, at that point.
You'll have to wipe out a live instruction, of course,
but that's OK. You can put it back after the halt has
happened .
Let's try doing that on mini-program B. Let's say we
want to run straight through to the BPL instruction at
0207, and then single-step from that point on.
16
4
Change 0207 (previously 10) to value 00, the BRK
command. Now go to the beginning of the program
(0200), be sure SST is off, and hit GO. You'll see
0209 00 on the display, which tells you that the halt
at 0207 has worked. Now go back to 0207, put the value
of 10 (for BPL) back in, set the SST switch on, and
you're ready to step. Easy? You bet - and you can save
lots of time this way in testing big programs.
No Operation (NOP, code EA)
It sounds funny, but a very handy instruction is one
that doesn't do anything. When the microprocessor
encounters Op Code EA (NOP) , it does nothing - just
passes on to the next instruction.
The biggest use of the NOP instruction is to take out
another instruction that you don't want any more; or to
leave room in the coding to add another instruction
later if you need to.
Some programmers write their programs in sections, and
at first they put a BRK instruction between each
section. That way, when they are testing, the program
will stop after each part, and they can check to see
that each part runs OK. When they are finished
testing, they change the BRK's to NOP's and the program
will run straight through.
The ST (Stop) Key
When everything is under control in program testing,
you won't need the ST key. But sometimes the program
'gets away' on you - and the only way to find out what
it's doing is to use this key.
Let's wreck mini-program B by wiping out the DEX
instruction. We'll do this by replacing it with a NOP;
so write value EA into location 0206. What will
happen?
When we run the program, the X register will never
change from its starting value of 9 because we don't
have a DEX instruction. So the program will keep
branching back to LOOP forever, and it will never
stop. We've created this situation artificially, of
course, but it could have happened by oversight when we
were writing the program.
17
4
Set address 0200, SST off, and hit GO. Everything goes
dead. Our program is running but it will never stop.
Meanwhile, the display is dark. This time we know why
it's happening. But if we didn't, how would we solve
it?
Press ST - stop - and the computer will freeze. The
display will light showing the next instruction we were
about to execute. If we wanted to pinpoint the
trouble, we could flip over to SST now and track the
problem down, step by step.
A last comment on the ST button: If the display goes
dark and pressing ST doesn't relight it, the computer
has a different problem. It has gone berserk due to a
completely illegal Op Code. Press the RS (Reset)
button; now you'll need to start over and use the BRK
and SST features to track down the trouble.
18
MINI -PROGRAM C; Displaying values
KIM has a 6-digit display. You can show information on
the display quite easily, if you know how.
In the KIM Monitor programs there are several packages
called subroutines that you can call upon to do
certain jobs. You could write the same coding for
these jobs yourself; but use the Monitor subroutines to
save time and trouble.
When you give the command JSR SCANDS (coded 20 IF IF) ,
the Monitor will briefly light the display with the
data it finds in addresses 00FB, 00FA, and 0OF9.
That's three locations, each displaying as two digits,
so the full six-digit display is filled.
"Briefly" means exactly that. The display lights for a
split second. To get a steady display, you must repeat
the JSR SCANDS command over and over again. Use a
loop, of course; no point in filling up your program
with JSR SCANDS instructions.
You should also know that when you call this Monitor
subroutine, the contents of your registers are wiped
out. So if you have something important in the A
register that you will want to use after giving JSR
SCANDS, be sure to put it safely somewhere in memory or
you'll lose it. The same goes for other registers like
X and Y.
Here's a simple program to show 0000 00 on the
display. Note that we must put the value 00 into
addresses FB, FA, and F9 before we call JSR SCANDS.
0200 A9 00 START
0202 85 FB
0204 85 FA
0206 85 F9
0208 20 IF IF LOOP
020B 4C 08 02
LDA #0
STA POINTH
STA POINTL
STA INH
JSR SCANDS
JMP LOOP
zero into A
first 2 digits
next 2 digits
last 2 digits
light up!
do it again
19
This program never ends, so eventually you'll have to
stop it with the RS or ST keys. See how the last
instruction jumps back to address 0208 so the display
is lit continuously? Another interesting point: see
how the jump address at 020B is "backwards" - 08 02
instead of 0208? This is called "low order first"
addressing and you'll see a lot of it on the KIM
system.
The single-step feature doesn't work too well on
Monitor subroutines. That's normal, and it's not
serious. These subroutines are well tested and
dependable, so you shouldn't need to use SST with
them.
Exercises
1. Can you change the program to make the display show
5555 55?
2. Can you write a program to make the display show
1234 56?
3. How about a program to show the word EFFACE? or
FACADE? or COOCOO?
20
MINI -PROGRAM D; reading the keypad
To read the KIM pushbuttons you have another Monitor
subroutine called GETKEY. You "call" it with
JSR GETKEY (20 6A IF) . This subroutine will give you
the identity of the key that is being pressed at that
moment as a value in the A register. You can continue
by using this value any way you want. If no key is
being pressed at the time, you'll get a value of 15 in
A.
There are a couple of cautions on the use of
JSR GETKEY. First, you must not be in Decimal Mode.
If you're not sure about this, give a CLD (D8)
instruction at the beginning of your program.
Secondly, before giving JSR GETKEY, you must "open up
the channel" from the keyboard with either one of two
subroutines: JSR SCANDS or JSR KEYIN. You've met
JSR SCANDS before: it's used to light the display. If
you don't want to light the display, use JSR KEYIN
(20 40 IF) before using JSR GETKEY.
This program reads the keyboard and displays what it
sees:
0200
D8
START
CLD
clr dc mode
0201
A9
00
LDA
#0
zero into A
0203
85
FB
STORE
STA
POINTH
0205
85
FA
STA
POINTL
0207
85
F9
STA
INH
0209
20
IF
IF
JSR
SCANDS
light display
020C
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
test keys
020F
4C
03
02
JMP
STORE
Exercises
1. Do you think that the instruction at 0201 is really
needed? Try removing it (change 0201 and 0202 to EA)
and see.
2. What values do you get for the alphabetic keys? For
keys like PC and GO? Are there any keys that don't
work with JSR GETKEY?
3. Try running in decimal mode (change 0200 to SED,
code F8) . What happens? Is it serious? How about key
F?
4. Can you change the program so that only the last
digit of the display changes with the keyboard?
21
CONCLUSION
You've reached the end of our little Beginner's Guide.
But you've only started on the road towards
understanding programming.
Use the tools we have given you here to forge your own
path. KIM is a very rich machine. You have 56 Op
Codes to choose from, and many powerful addressing
combinations. You don't need to learn them all right
away, but when you need them, they'll be there.
The KIM Programming Manual makes good reading. Don't
try to go through the whole thing at one sitting. Stop
and try a few things; you have the Single Step feature
to help you understand what each instruction really
does.
Try leafing through - or stepping through - other
people's programs, to understand what makes them tick.
Change the coding, if you like, to see what happens.
When you see a program that does something you want to
do, borrow the coding - you don't need to re-invent the
wheel.
Don't be discouraged when your program doesn't work on
the first try. Even experts have to spend time getting
the "bugs" out of their coding. It's part of the
game: Think of yourself as Sherlock Holmes,
methodically tracking down the elusive villains.
A proverb says that a journey of a thousand miles
starts with the first step. In the same way, the
biggest programs still operate one step at a time.
So forge ahead at your own speed. Communicate with
other KIM owners; you'll have a lot of information to
swap.
But most of all: have fun.
22
Clear Decimal Mode: Set 00F1 to 00 before running these programs.
ADDITION
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DIRECTIONS -
HERE'S A HANDY LITTLE ADDING MACHINE PROGRAM. KIM BECOMES
A SIX DIGIT ADDER. "GO" CLEARS THE TOTAL SO YOU CAN START
OVER. THEN ENTER A NUMBER AND HIT THE PLUS KEY TO ADD IT
TO THE PREVIOUS TOTAL. IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE IN ENTERING
A NUMBER, JUST HIT THE "0M KEY SEVERAL TIMES AND ROLL THE
BAD NUMBER OUT BEFORE ENTERING THE CORRECTION. NO OVERFLOW
INDICATOR, AND NO SUBTRACTION OR MULTIPLICATION - MAYBE YOU
WOULD LIKE TO TRY YOUR HAND AT ADDING THESE. THE PROGRAM
IS FULLY RELOCATABLE.
0200
20
IF
IF START
JSR SCANDS
light display
0203
20
6A
IF
JSR GETKEY
read keyboard
0206
C5
60
CMP PRSV
same as last time?
0208
FO
F6
BEQ START
yes, skip
020A
85
60
STA PREV
no, save new key
020C
C9
OA
CMP #$0A
numeric key?
020E
90
29
BCC NUM
yes , branch
GO kev?
0210
C9
13
CMP #$13
0212
FO
18
BEQ DCGO
ves . branch
+ key?
0211*
C9
12
CMP #$12
0216
DO
E8
BNE START
no, invalid key
0218
F8
18
SED CLC
prepare to add
021A
A2
FD
LDX #$FD
minus 3; 3 digits
021C
B5
FC
ADD
IDA P0INTH+1,X
display digit
021E
75
65
ADC ACCUM+3,X
add total
0220
95
FC
STA P0INTH+1,X
total to display
0222
95
65
STA ACCUM+3,X
& to total accum
022!i
E8
INX
next digit
0225
30
F5
BMI ADD
last digit?
0227
86
61
STX FIAG
flag total-in-disolay
0229
D8
OLD
02 2A
10
DU
BPL START
return to start
02 2C
A9
00
DCGO
IDA #0
set flag for
022E
85
61
STA FLAG
total- in- di st)lay
0230
A2
02
LDX #2
for 3 digits . . .
0232
95
F9
CLEAR
STA INH.X
clear disDlay
023U
CA
DEX
next digit
0235
10
FB
BPL CLEAR
last digit?
0237
30
C7
BMI START
finished, back to go
0239
All
61
NUM
LDY FLAG
total-in-display?
02 3B
DO
OF
BNE PASS
no, add new digit
02 3D
E6
61
INC FIAG
clear t-i-d flag
023F
1*8
PHA
save key
021*0
A2
02
LDX #2
3 digits to move
24
02^2 B5 F9
MOVE
IDA
INH,I
get display digit
02UU 95 62
STA
ACCUM,X
copy to total Accum
02U6 9k F9
STY
INH,X
clear display
021*8 CA
DEX
next digit
02U9 10 F7
BPL
MOVE
last digit?
02UB 68
PLA
recall key
02i|C OA OA
PASS
ASL
A ASL A
move digit. .
02l|E OA OA
ASL
A ASL A
. .into position
0250 A2 OU
LDX
#U
h bits
02^2 OA
SHIFT
ASL
A
move bit from A
0253 26 F9
ROL
INH
..to INH..
0255 26 FA
ROL
POT1OTL
i vXXIX XJ
..to rest of
0257 26 FB
ROL
POINTH
display
0259 CA
DEX
next bit
02^ DO F6
BNE
QHTW
onxri
last bit?
025C FO A2
BEQ
O liVCll.
yes. back to start
• HEX DUMP -
ADDITION
0200 20 IF
IF 20
6A IF
C5 60 FO
F6 85 60 C9 OA 90
29
0210 C9 13
F0 18
C9 12
DO E8 F8
18 A2 FD B5 FC 75
65
0220 95 FC
95 65
E8 30
F5 86 61
D8 10 D4 A9 00 85
61
0230 A2 02
95 F9
CA 10
FB 30 C7
A4 61 DO OF E6 61
48
0240 A2 02
B5 F9
95 62
94 F9 CA
10 F7 68 OA OA OA
OA
0250 A2 04
OA 26
F9 26
FA 26 FB
CA DO F6 F0 A2
NOTE: WHENEVER SPACE PERMITS, A HEX DUMP OF THE
PROGRAMS LISTED WILL BE GIVEN. THESE DUMPS
WERE TAKEN FROM ACTUAL RUNNING PROGRAMS. SO,
IF THERE IS A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE LISTING
AND THE DUMP, THE LISTING IS MOST PROBABLY IN
ERROR.
25
BY STAN OCKERS
YOU ARE PILOTING YOUR SPACECRAFT BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER WHEN
YOU ENCOUNTER A DENSE PORTION OF THE ASTEROID BELT. PRESS KEY
ZERO TO MOVE LEFT, THREE TO MOVE RIGHT. WHEN YOUR CRAFT IS HIT
THE DISPLAY WILL GIVE A NUMBER TO INDICATE HOW SUCESSFUL YOU
WERE. THE PROGRAM STARTS AT 0200.
0200
A9
00
LDA
#$00
...INITIALIZE COUNTER..
0202
85
F9
STA
00F9
0204
85
FA
STA
00FA
0206
85
FB
STA
00 FB
0208
A2
06
LDX
#$06
...INITIALIZE 00E2-00E8
020A
BD
CE
02
INIT
LDA
02CE/X
020D
95
E2
STA
00E2,X
020F
CA
DEX
0210
10
F8
BPL
INIT
0212
A5
E8
TOGG
LDA
00E8
...TOGGLE 00E8...
0214
49
FF
EOR
#$FF
0216
85
E8
STA
00E8
(FLASHER FLAG)
0218
A2
05
LDX
#$05
DELAY BETWEEN FLASHES
02 1A
20
48
02
i t Tr
LITE
JSR
DISP
DISPLAY AND. .
no 1 r,
o n
2U
CI *7
9/
IC D
JbK
Uihls.
Cnt UN rUK rIAILn
vz/u
LA
DEX
0221
DO
r— —j
F7
BNE
LITE
0223
20
40
IF
JSR
KEY IN
SET DIRECTIONAL REGS.
0226
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
GET KEYBOARD ENTRY
0229
C9
15
CMP
#$15
A VALID KEY?
022B
10
E5
BPL
TOGG
NO
022D
C9
00
CMP
#$00
KEY 0?
022F
F0
06
BEQ
LEFT
YES, GO LEFT
0231
C9
03
CMP
#$03
KEY 3?
0233
F0
OA
BEQ
RT
YES, GO RIGHT
0235
DO
DB
BNE
TOGG
NOT A VALID KEY
0237
06
E7
LEFT
ASL
00E7
SHIFT CRAFT LEFT
Q239
A9
40
LDA
#$40
LEFT HAND EDGE?
023B
C5
E7
CMP
00E7
023D
DO
D3
BNE
TOGG
NO, RETURN
023F
46
E7
RT
LSR
00E7
SHIFT RIGHT
0241
DO
CF
BNE
TOGG
NOT RIGHT SIDE, RETURN
0243
38
SEC
OFF EDGE, RETURN TO
0244
26
E7
ROL
00E7
RIGHT SIDE
0246
DO
CA
BNE
TOGG
RETURN
!5{ DISPLAY SUBROUTINE
0248
A9
7F
DISP
LDA #$7F
PORT TO OUTPUT
024A
8D
41
17
STA
1741
024D
A9
09
LDA #$09
INIT. DIGIT
024F
8D
42
17
STA
1742
0252
A9
20
LDA #$20
BIT POSITION TO
0254
85
E0
STA 00E0
6TH BIT
0256
AO
02
BIT
LDY
#$02
3 BYTES
0258
A9
00
LDA #$00
ZERO CHARACTER
025A
85
El
STA
00E1
' ASTEROID
26
025C
Bl
E2
BYTE
LDA (00E2),Y
GET BYTE
025E
25
EO
AND
00E0
NTH BIT = 1?
0260
FO
07
BEQ NOBT
NO, SKIP
0262
A5
El
-
LDA
00E1
YES, UPDATE
0264
19
E4
00
ORA
00E4,Y
CHARACTER
0267
85
El
STA
00E1
0269
88
DEY
026A
10
FO
BPL
BYTE
NEXT BYTE
026C
A5
El
LDA
00E1
CHAR. IN ACCUM.
026E
C4
E8
CPY
00E8
SHIP ON?
0270
DO
08
BNE
DIGT
NO, SKIP
0272
A4
EO
LDY
00E0
IS THIS SHIP
0274
C4
E7
CPY
00E7
DIGIT?
0276
DO
02
BNE
DIGT
NO, SKIP
0278
09
08
ORA
#$08
ADD IN SHIP
02 7A
8D
40
17
DIGT
STA
1740
LIGHT DIGIT
027D
A9
30
LDA
#$30
DELAY (^DIGIT ON J
r\ o "7 cr
027F
oD
Ob
1 "7
17
STA
1706
0282
AD
07
17
DELA
LDA
1707
TIME UP?
0285
FQ
FB
BEQ
DELA
NO
0287
A9
00
LDA
#$00
TURN OFF SEGMENTS
0289
8D
40
17
STA
1740
028C
EE
42
17
INC
1742
SHIFT TO NEXT DIGIT
028F
EE
42
17
INC
1742
0292
46
EO
LSR
00E0
SHIFT TO NEXT BIT
0294
DO
CO
BNE
BIT
MORE BITS
0296
60
RTS
CHECK SUBROUTINE """"
0297
C6
E9
CHEK
DEC
00E9
DEC. TIMES THRU COUNT
0299
DO
1A
BNE
MORE
SKIP IF NOT 48TH TIME
029B
A9
30
LDA
#$20
RESET TIMES THRU COUNT
029D
85
E9
STA
00E9
029F
8A
TXA
SAVE X
02 AO
48
PHA
02A1
A2
FD
LDX
#$FD
NEGATIVE 3 IN X
02 A3
F8
SED
DECIMAL MODE
02A4
38
SEC
CTO ADD ONE)
02A5
B5
FC
NXTB
LDA
00FC,X
. . INCREMENT COUNTER
02A7
69
00
ADC
#$00
WHICH IS MADE OF BYTES
02A9
95
FC
STA
00FC,X
IN DISPLAY AREA (00F9-
02AB
E8
I NX
OOFB)..
02 AC
DO
F7
BNE
NXTB
NEXT BYTE
02AE
D8
CLD
02AF
68
PLA
RETURN X
02B0
AA
TAX
02B1
E6
E2
INC
00E2
..SET UP FOR NEXT GROUP
02B3
A5
E2
LDA
00E2
OF BYTES..
02B5
C9
30
MORE
CMP
#$30
ALL GROUPS FINISHED?
02B7
FO
09
BEQ
RECY
YES, RECYCLE ASTR. FIELD
02B9
AO
00
MATCH
LDY
#$00
SHIP - ASTEROID MATCH?
02BB
A5
E7
LDA
00E7
LOAD CRAFT POSITION
02BD
31
E2
AND
00E2,Y
AND WITH ASTEROID BYTE
02BF
DO
07
BNE
FIN
IF MATCH, YOU'VE HAD IT
02 CI
60
RTS
EXIT MATCH SUBROUTINE
27
02C2 A9 00 RECY LDA #$00 GO THRU ASTEROID FIELD
02C4 85 E2 STA 00E2 AGAIN
02C6 F0 Fl BEQ MATCH UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH
02C8 20 IF IF FIN JSR SCANDS DISPLAY COUNT
02CB ifC C8 02 JMP FIN CONTINUOUSLY
02CE D5 LOW POINTER, ASTEROID BELT
02CF 02 HIGH POINTER, ASTEROID BELT
02 DO 08 MASK, BOTTOM SEGMENT
02D1 40 MASK, MIDDLE SEGMENT
02D2 01 MASK, TOP SEGMENT
02D3 04 CRAFT POSITION
02D4 FF FLAG (SHIP ON)
_ ......... . ... **********
ASTEROID FIELD
02D5- 00 00 00 04 00 08 00 06 12 00 11 00 05 00 2C 00
02E5- 16 00 29 00 16 00 2B 00 26 00 19 00 17 00 38 00
02F5- 2E 00 09 00 IB 00 24 00 15 00 39 00 0D 00 21 00
0305- 10 00 00
""""" HEX DUMP - ASTEROID "!{"""
f&
—f
i
\
k
R
c
0
0200-
A9
00
85
F9
85
FA
85
FB
A2
06
BD CE 02 95
E2
CA
0210-
10
F8
A5
E8
49
FF
85
E8
A2
05
20
48
02
20
97
02
0220-
CA
DO
F7
20
40
IF
20
6A
IF
C9
15
10
E5
C9
00
FO
0230^
06
C9
03
F0
OA
DO
DB
06
E7
A9
40
C5
E7
DO
D3
46
0240-
E7
DO
CF
38
26
E7
DO
CA
A9
7F
8D
41
17
A9
09
8D
0250-
42
17
A9
20
85
EO
AO
02
A9
00
85
El
Bl
E2
25
EO
0260-
F0
07
A5
El
19
E4
00
85
El
88
10
FO
A5
El
C4
E8
0270-
DO
08
A4
E0
C4
E7
DO
02
09
08
8D
40
17
A9
30
8D
0280-
06
17
AD
07
17
FO
FB
A9
00
8D
40
17
EE
42
17
EE
0290-
42
17
46
EO
DO
CO
60
C6
E9
DO
1A A9
30
85
E9
8A
02A0-
48 A2
FD
F8
38
B5
FC
69
00
95
FC
E8
DO
F7
D8
68
02B0-
AA E6
E2
A5
E2
C9
30
FO
09
AO
00
A5
E7
31
E2
DO
02C0-
07
60
A9
00
85
E2
FO
Fl
20
IF
IF
4C
C8
02
D5
02
02D0-
08
40
01
04
FF
00
00
00
04
00
08
00
06
12
00
11
02E0-
00
05
00
2C
00
16
00
29
00
16
00
2B
00
26
00
19
02F0-
00
17
00
38
00
2E
00
09
00
IB
00
24
00
15
00
39
0300-
00
0D
00
21
00
10
00
00
CHANGES -
YOU CAN MAKE YOUR OWN ASTEROID FIELD STARTING AT 02D5. THE
GROUP COUNT, C02B6), WILL HAVE TO BE CHANGED IF THE FIELD SIZE
DIFFERS. THE SPEED OF THE CRAFT MOVING THROUGH THE FIELD IS
CONTROLLED BY 027E.'' WHAT ABOUT A VARYING SPEED, SLOW AT FIRST
AND SPEEDING UP AS YOU GET INTO THE FIELD? WHAT ABOUT A FINAL
"DESTINATION COUNT" AND A SIGNAL TO INDICATE YOU HAVE REACHED
YOUR DESTINATION? HOW ABOUT ALLOWING A HIT OR TWO BEFORE YOU
ARE FINALLY DISABLED?
28
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DIRECTIONS -
THE COMPUTER HAS CHOSEN FOUR LETTERS, ALL OF WHICH ARE
A,B,C,D,E, OR F. LETTERS MAY BE REPEATED - FOR EXAMPLE,
THE COMPUTER'S "SECRET" COMBINATION MIGHT BE CACF OR BBBB.
YOU GET TEN GUESSES. EACH TIME YOU GUESS, THE COMPUTER
WILL TELL YOU TWO THINGS: HOW MANY LETTERS ARE EXACTLY CORRECT
(THE RIGHT LETTER IN THE RIGHT PLACE); AND HOW MANY LETTERS
ARE CORRECT, BUT IN THE WRONG POSITION.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE COMPUTER'S SECRET COMBINATION IS
CBFB AND YOU GUESS BAFD, THE TWO NUMBERS WILL BE 1 AND 1
(THE F MATCHES EXACTLY; THE B MATCHES BUT IN THE WRONG PLACE).
THESE NUMBERS WILL SHOW ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE DISPLAY;
THE CODE YOU ENTERED WILL APPEAR ON THE LEFT.
MAKE A NOTE OF YOUR GUESSES AND THE COMPUTER'S RESPONSE.
WITH A LITTLE MENTAL WORK, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO BREAK THE
CODE EXACTLY IN SEVEN OR EIGHT WORDS. A CORRECT GUESS WILL
PRODUCE A RESPONSE OF 4 - 0. IF YOU DON'T GUESS RIGHT IN
TEN MOVES, THE -COMPUTER WILL GIVE YOU THE ANSWER.
AFTER A CORRECT GUESS, OR AFTER THE COMPUTER TELLS YOU
THE ANSWER, IT WILL START A NEW GAME (WITH A NEW SECRET CODE)
THE INSTANT YOU TOUCH A NEW KEY.
A OA A
JiD
1 0
n a
INC
RND+4
randomize
0202
20
40
IF
JSR
KEYIN
on pushbutton delay
0205
DO
F9
BNE
GO
0207
D8
CLD
0208
A9
OA
NEW
LDA
#$0A
ten guesses/game
020A
85
18
STA
COUNT
new game starting
020C
A9
03
LDA
#3
create 4 mystery codes
020E
85
10
STA
POINTR
0210
38
RAND
SEC
one plus ...
0211
A5
13
LDA
RND+1
. . . three previous
0213
65
16
ADC
RND+4
random numbers
0215
65
17
ADC
RND+5
0217
85
12
STA
RND
=new random value
0219
A2
04
LDX
#4
021B
B5
12
RLP
LDA
RND,X
move random numbers over
021D
95
13
STA
RND+1 , X
021F
CA
DEX
0220
10
F9
BPL
RLP
0222
A6
10
LDX
POINTR
0224
AO
CO
LDY
#$co
divide by 6
0226
84
11
STY
MOD
keeping remainder
0228
AO
06
LDY
#6
022A
05
11
SET
CMP
MOD
022C
90
02
BCC
PASS
022E
E5
11
SBC
MOD
0230
46
11
PASS
LSR
MOD
0232
88
DEY
0233
DO
F5
BNE
SET
continue division
0235
18
CLC
0236
69
OA
ADC
#$0A
random value A to F
BAGELS
29
0238
95
00
STA SECRET, X
023A
C6
10
DEC POINTR
023C
10
D2
BPL RAND
023E
C6
18
GUESS
DEC COUNT new guess starts here
0240
30
7A
BMI FINISH ten guesses?
0242
A9
00
LDA #0
0244
A2
oc
LDX #$0C clear from WINDOW. . .
0246
95
04
WIPE
STA WINDOW, X ...to POINTR
0248
CA
DEX
0249
10
FB
BPL WIPE
WAIT FOR KEY TO BE DEPRESSED
024B
20
CE
02
WAIT
JSR
024E
FO
FB
BEQ
0250
20
CE
02
JSR
0253
FO
F6
BEQ
0255
A5
08
LDA
0257
FO
Oo
BEQ
0259
29
60
AND
O25B
60
T? AT)
EOR
r v
A9
BEQ
BNE
0261
20
C ft
6A
A
IF
RESUME
TO T»
JSR
026m-
C9
10
CMP
0266
BO
T7» O
E3
BCS
026o
C9
OA
CMP
026A
90
DF
BCC
026C
A Ci
A8
TAY
026D
A6
A r\
10
LDX
026F
E6
10
INC
0271
B9
E7
IF
LDA
0274
95
04
STA
0276
98
TYA
0277
D5
00
CMP
0279
DO
03
BNE
027B
E6
OE
INC
027D
8A
TXA
027E
95
OA
NO TEX
STA
0280
A5
07
LDA
0282
FO
31
BEQ
0284
AO
03
LDY
0286
B9
oA
00
STEP
LDA
0289
29
18
AND
028B
FO
12
BEQ
028D
B9
00
00
LDA
0290
A2
03
LDX
0292
D5
OA
LOOK
CMP
0294
FO
05
BEQ
0296
CA
DEX
0297
10
F9
BPL
0299
30
04
BMI
029B
E6
OF
GOT
INC
029D
16
OA
ASL
029P
88
ON
DEY
02A0
10
E4
BPL
denounce key
^4 new guess?
no, input digit
previous game finished?
. . . yes , new game ;
. . .no , next guess
guess must be in
range A to F
zero to start
segment pattern
exact match?
destroy input
r
-3 has fourth digit arrived?
. . .no
...yes, calculate matches
f for each digit:
..has it already been
matched?
■ Y
if not, test
C ... against input
increment counter
: and destroy input
30
02A2
A2
01
LDX
02Ak
Bh
OE
TRANS
LDY
02A6
B9
E?
IF
LDA
02A9
95
08
STA
02AB
CA
DEX
02AC
10
F6
BPL
02AE
20
GE
02
DELAY
JSR
02B1
E6
OF
INC
02B3
DO
F9
BNE
02B5
20
CE
02
BUTT
JSR
02B8
DO
FB
BNE
02BA
FO
8F
BEQ
j
•
•
TEN
02BC
A2
03
FINISH
LDX
02BE
Bh
00
FIN2
LDY
02C0
B9
✓
E7
IF
LDA
02C3
95
04
STA
02C5
CA
DEX
02C6
10
F6
BPL
02C8
A9
E3
LDA
02GA 85
08
STA
02CC
DO
EO
BNE
#1 display counts
EXACT, X
TABLE, Y
WIND0W+4.X
TRANS
SHOW long pause for debounce
MATCH
DELAY
SHOW wait for key release
BUTT
WAIT
GUESSES MADE - SHOW ANSWER
#3
SECRET, X
TABLE , Y
WINDOW, X
FIN2
#$e3 'square' flag
WINDOW+4
DELAY unconditional jimp
SUBROUTINE TO DISPLAY
AND TEST KEYBOARD
02CE
AO
13
SHOW
LDY
#$13
02D0
A2
05
LDX
#5
02D2
A9
7F
LDA
#$7F
02D4
8D
hi
17
STA
PADD
02D7
B5
oh
LITE
LDA
WINDOW, X
02D9
8D
ho
17
STA
SAD
02DC
8C
hz
17
STY
SBD
02DF
E6
li
POZ
INC
MOD pause
02E1
DO
FC
BNE
POZ
02E3
88
DEY
02E4
88
DEY
02E5
CA
DEX
02E6
10
EF
BPL
LITE
02E8
20
ho
IF
JSR
KEYIN
02EB
60
RTS
END
Program notes:
1. Program enforces a pause of about h seconds after
displaying counts or answer. This guards against
display being 'missed' due to bounce, hasty keying.
2. After count displayed, or at end of game(s), user
can blank display, if desired, by pressing GO or
any numeric key. Game operation is not affected,
but user may feel it 'separates' games better.
31
3. When a digit from the user's guess is matched, it
is destroyed so that it will not be matched again.
There are two significantly different types of
'destruction*, however (at 2?D and 29D) ; the test
at label STEP is sensitive to which one is used.
; LINKAGES TO KIM MONITOR
KEYIN =4lF^0
GETKEY =$1F6A
TABLE =21FE7
PADD =$17*H
SBD =$17^2
SAD =$17^0
; WORK AREAS
0000 SECRET *=*+4 computer's secret code
0004 WINDOW *=*+6 display window
000A INPUT *=*+4 player"s input area
000E EXACT *=*+l # of exact matches
000F MATCH *=*+l # of other matches
0010 POINTR *=*+l digit being input
0011 MOD *=*+i divisor/delay flag
0012 RND *=*+6 random number series
0018 COUNT number of guesses left
5j:::c:::: HEx DUMP - BAGELS *s««s3<
0200
E6
16
20
40
IF
DO
F9
D8
A9
OA
85
18
A9
03
85
10
0210
38
A5
13
65
16
65
17
85
12
A2
04
B5
12
95
13
CA
0220
10
F9
A6
10
AO
CO
84
11
AO
06
C5
11
90
02
E5
11
0230
46
11
88
DO
F5
18
69
OA
95
00
C6
10
10
D2
C6
18
0240
30
7A A9
00
A2
OC
95
04
CA
10
FB
20
CE
02
FO
FB
0250
20
CE
02
F0
F6
A5
08
F0
08
29
60
49
60
FO
A9
DO
0260
DD
20
6A
IF
C9
10
B0
E3
C9
OA 90
DF
A8
A6
10
E6
0270
10
B9
E7
IF
95
04
98
D5
00
DO
03
E6
OE
8A
95
OA
0280
A5
07
F0
31
AO
03
B9
OA
00
29
18
FO
12
B9
00
00
0290
A2
03
D5
OA
F0
05
CA
10
F9
30
04
E6
OF
16
OA
88
02 AO
10
E4
A2
01
B4
0E
B9
E7
IF
95
08
CA
10
F6
20
CE
02B0
02
E6
OF
DO
F9
20
CE
02
DO
FB
FO
8F
A2
03
B4
00
02C0
B9
E7
IF
95
04
CA
10
F6
A9
E3
85
08
DO
EO
AO
13
02D0
A2
05
A9
7F
8D
41
17
B5
04
8D
40
17
8C
42
17
E6
02E0
11
DO
FC
88
88
CA
10
EF
20
40
IF
60
32
Label Table for Program BAGELS
ADDRESS
LABEL
WHERE USED
02B5
BUTT
0282
02B8
0018
COUNT
020A
023E
02AE
DELAY
02B3
02CC
000E
EXACT
027B
02A4
02BE
FIN2
02C6
02BC
FINISH
0240
1F6A
GETKEY
0261
A A A A
0200
GO
0205
a a a r\
029B
GOT
0294
A A A n
023E
GUESS
025F
f\ f\ f\ T\
T XT T"> T T m
INPUT
027E
0286
0292
A A A
T -f-i A A
1F40
KEYIN
0202
02E8
ft Or\T
02D7
LITE
02E6
A A A A
0292
LOOK
0297
A A A n
000F
MATCH
029B
02B1
0011
MOD
0226
022A
022E
A A A A
0230
A A A A
0208
NEW
025D
A A *T f"«
027E
NOTEX
0279
A A A n
029F
y\xT
ON
0299
174 J
PADD
02D4
A A A A
0230
PASS
022C
A A T A
0010
POINTR
020E
0222
023A
A A /" TN
026D
02DF
POZ
02E1
A A T A
0210
RAND
023C
A A /" T
0261
RESUME
0257
021B
RLP
0220
0012
RND
0200
0211
0213
0215
1740
SAD
02D9
1742
SBD
02DC
0000
SECRET
0238
0277
028D
02BE
022A
SET
0233
02CE
SHOW
024B
0250
02AE
02B5
0286
STEP
02 AO
1FE7
TABLE
0271
02A6
O2C0
02A4
TRANS
02 AC
024B
WAIT
024B
0253
0266
026A
0246
WIPE
0249
0004
WINDOW
0246
0255
0274
0280
Label tables, when available, are often useful
for studying a program. For each label (alphabetically
arranged) you can see, on the left, the address
belonging to the label; and on the right, where the
label is used in the program.
33
JIM BUTTERFIELD
Ik
Start the program at 0200 and on the right, you'll see the $25
that KIM has given you to play with. The funny symbols on the
left are your "wheels" - hit any key and see them spin.
Every time you spin the wheels by hitting a key it costs you $1 .
When the wheels stop, you might have a winning combination,
in which case you'll see money being added to your total
on the right. Most of the time, you'll get nothing . . .
but that's the luck of the game.
The biggest jackpot is $15: that's three bars across the
disDlay. Other combinations pay off, too; you'll soon learn
to recognize the "cherry" symbol, which pays $2 every time
it shows in the left hand window.
There's no house percentage, so you can go a long time on
your beginning $25. The most you can make is $99; and if
you run out of money, too bad: KIM doesn't give credit.
-7 7 7 S'f^
-i J J 'ojHti
BANDIT MICRO-WARE ASSEMBLER 65XX-1.0 PAGE 01
BANDIT
0010:
0020:
0030:
0040:
0050:
0060:
0070:
0080:
0090:
0100:
0110:
0120:
0130:
0140:
0150:
0160:
0170:
0180:
0190:
0200:
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
02D1
«««««ftft»ftft»ft»«ft»ftftft«ft»ftft«»*ft««
*«««* ONE ARMED BANDIT *****
***** BY JIM BUTTERFIELD «**»*
»»»*»«»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»*»
DISPLAY WINDOW
CASH CACHE
WINDOW
*
$0000
AMT
«
$0005
ARROW
*
$0006
RWD
$0007
STALLA
*
$0008
TUMBLE
*
$0009
LINKAGES TO
KIM
KEYIN
«
$1F40
PADD
«
$1741
SAD
«
$1740
SBD
«
$1742
TABLE
«
$1FE7
REWARD
WAIT WHILE
IS KEY DEPRESSED?
HEX:7 SEG
34
021 0:
0220:
0230:
0240:
0200
* 0250:
0200
A9
25
0260 :
0202
85
05
0270:
0204
20
BA
02
0280 :
0207
A9
00
0290:
0209
ft r~
85
06
0300:
0310:
0320:
0330:
0208
20
8D
02
0340:
020E
DO
FB
0350 :
02 1 0
E6
09
0360 :
021 2
20
8D
02
0370:
0215
F0
F9
0380:
0390:
0217
A9
03
0400 :
02 1 9
85
06
0410:
02 IB
F8
0420:
02 1C
38
0430 :
02 ID
A5
05
0440:
021F
E9
01
0450 :
022 1
85
05
0460 :
0223
20
BA
02
0470:
0226
26
09
0480 :
0490:
0228
20
8D
02
0500:
022B
C6
08
0510:
022D
DO
F9
0520:
022F
A6
06
0530:
0231
A5
09
Ac ii a •
/-i o n o
0233
A A
29
A£
U5D U .
no
ii n
4 u
nc. An •
0570 :
0237
95
01
0580:
0239
46
09
0590 :
023B
46
09
0600:
023D
C6
06
061 0:
02 3F
DO
E7
0620:
0630:
0640:
0650:
0241
A5
04
0660 :
0243
C5
03
0670:
0245
DO
37
0680 :
0247
C5
02
0690 :
0249
DO
33
0700:
024B
A2
10
0710:
024D
C9
40
0720:
024F
F0
0D
0730:
0251
A2
0B
0740:
0253
C9
42
0750:
0255
F0
07
0760:
0257
A2
06
0770:
0259
C9
44
0780:
025B
F0
01
0790:
025D
CA
MAIN PROGRAM
BANDIT ORG
$0200
GO
LDAIM
$25
GIVE HIM $25
STA
AMT
TO START WITH
JSR
CVAMT
AND SHOW IT TO HIM
LDAIM
$00
RESET ARROW.
STA
ARROW
MAIN
DISPLAY
LOOP
LPA
JSR
DISPLY
DISPLAY UNTIL
BNE
t r% a
LPA
r i to oc*t r a crr\
LGOJ IS RELEASED.
ROLL
INC
TUMBLE
RANDOMIZE TUMBLE.
TOD
JSR
DISPLY
DISPLAY UNTIL
n E* a
ROLL
A VC If TO U TT
A KEY IS HIT.
LDA JLM
♦ AO
$03
olA
ADD ALT
An HOW
SED
SEC
LDA
AMT
ODPTU
SfcJClM
$0 1
CHARGE ONE BUCK.
OTA
S 1 A
AWT
AMT
TOD
JSR
C VArli
frtMUPDT CAD 7 CA
LONVEKr r OH LtD.
ROL
TUMBLE
LPB
JSR
T"\ T O V) T V
DISPLY
DEC
STALLA
DISPLAY A WHILE.
BNE
LPB
LDX
ARROW
LDA
TUMBLE
MAKE A
ANDIM
$06
•y \J \J
RESULT
0RAIM
$40
STAAX
WINDOW
+01
LSR
TUMBLE
LSR
TUMBLE
DO ALL
DEC
ARROW
3 WINDOWS.
BNE
LPB
ATT
ALL
WHEELS STOPPED ■
- COMPUTE PAYOFF
LDA
WINDOW
+04
CMP
WINDOW
+03 CHECK FOR
BNE
NOMAT
A MATCH.
CMP
WINDOW
+02
BNE
NOMAT
LDXIM
$10
CMPIM
$40
PAY $15 FOR 3 BARS
BEQ
PAY
LDXIM
$08
CMPIM
$42
PAY $10 FOR 3 UPS
BEQ
PAY
LDXIM
$06
CMPIM
$44
PAY $5 FOR 3 DOWNS
BEQ
PAY
DEX
35
k0800:
0810:
A WIN! ! ! PAY
AMOUNT
IN X
0820:
0830:
025E
86
07
PAY
STX
RWD
HIDE REWARD
0840:
0260
A9
80
PAX
LDAIM
$80
0850:
0262
85
08
STA
STALLA
0860:
0264
20
8D
02
LPC
JSR
DISPLY
DISPLAY
0870:
0267
C6
OS
DEC
STALLA
FOR A HALF
0880:
0269
DO
F9
BNE
LPC
A WHILE.
0890:
026B
C6
07
DEC
RWD
0900:
026D
FO
9C
BEQ
LPA
0910:
026F
18
CLC
SLOWLY ADD
0920:
0270
F8
SED
THE PAYOFF
0930:
0271
A5
05
LDA
AMT
TO THE AM'T.
0940:
0273
69
01
ADC IM
$01
0950:
0275
BO
94
BCS
LPA
0960:
0277
85
05
STA
AMT
0970:
0279
20
BA
02
JSR
CVAMT
0980:
027C
DO
E2
BNE
PAX
0990:
1000:
WHEELS
NOT ALL THE SAME - CHECK FOR
1010:
1020:
027E
A2
03
NOMAT
LDXIM
$03
1030:
0280
C9
46
CMPIM
$46
A CHERRY?
1 040 :
r\ ft
0282
FO
DA
BEQ
PAY
1050:
0284
20
8D
02
LOK
JSR
DISPLY
1060:
0287
A5
05
LDA
AMT
CAN'T PLAY
1070:
0289
DO
80
BNE
LPA
WITH NO DOUGH!
1 080 :
028B
FO
F7
BEQ
LOK
1090:
1 100:
1 110:
1 120:
1 130:
DISPLAY SUBROUTINE
1 110:
1150:
028D
A6
06
DISPLY
LDX
ARROW
1 160:
028F
10
02
BPL
INDIS
ROLL
1 170:
0291
F6
02
OVER
INCAX
WINDOW
+02 THE DRUM
1 180:
0293
CA
INDIS
DEX
1 190:
0294
10
FB
BPL
OVER
1200:
0296
A9
7F
LDAIM
$7F
1210:
0298
8D
41
17
STA
PADD
1220:
029B
AO
OB
LDYIM
$08
1230:
029D
A2
04
LDXIM
$04
1240:
029F
B5
00
LITE
LDAAX
WINDOW
LIGHT
1250:
02A1
8C
42
17
STY
SBD
ALL THE
1260:
02A4
8D
40
17
STA
SAD
WINDOWS
1270:
02A7
D8
CLD
1280:
02A8
A9
7F
LDAIM
$7F
1290:
02AA
E9
01
ZIP
SBCIM
$01
1300:
02AC
DO
FC
BNE
ZIP
1310:
02AE
8D
42
17
STA
SBD
1320:
02B1
C8
INY
1330:
02B2
C8
INY
36
* 1340:
02B3
CA
DEX
1 350:
02B4
10
E9
BPL
LITE
1 360:
02B6
20
40
1F
JSR
KEYIN
1 370:
02B9
60
RTS
1 380 •
1 3Q0 •
AMOUNT
CONVERSION
1 400 :
1410*
0?R A
w C lj n
AS
05
fVAMT
I DA
AMT
o?r r
ANDIM
$0F
1 KftNoLft it
1 u "5 n •
A A
ft n
TAX
fl MntlMT
ftnUUPI 1
1 *T *t \J •
0?RF
D U
F7
1 F
i r
LDAAX
TABLE
TA I V Vi
IV LC.V
1 450:
02C 2
00
STA
WINDOW
rnr>F
1460:
02C 4
AS
OS
LDA
AMT
1 470:
02C6
4A
LSRA
1480:
02C7
4A
LSRA
1490:
02C8
4A
LSRA
1500:
02C9
4A
LSRA
1510:
02CA
AA
TAX
1520:
02CB
BD
E7
1F
LDAAX
TABLE
1530:
02CE
85
01
STA
WINDOW
+01
1540:
02D0
60
RTS
SYMBOL TABLE
AMT 0005
DISPLY 028D
LITE 029F
LPC 0264
PAX 0260
SAD 1740
TUMBLE 0009
3000 30A2
ARROW 0006
GO 0200
LOK 0284
N0MAT 027E
PAY 025E
SBD 1742
WINDOW 0000
BANDIT 0200
INDIS 0293
LPA 020B
OVER 0291
ROLL 0210
STALLA 0008
ZIP 02AA
CVAMT 02BA
KEYIN 1F40
LPB 0228
PADD 1741
RWD 0007
TABLE 1FE7
You'll notice that the listing for BANDIT looks a little
different from others in this book. That's because it
is the output of a resident assembler operating in
an expanded KIM system. See the section on expansion
for a further discussion of assemblers .
You might like to change the payouts so that there is
a "house percentage". That way, visitors will eventually
run out of money if they play long enough. This has
two possible advantages: it will teach them the evils
of gambling, and they won't hog your KIM all day playing
this game .
37
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
A teaching program which drills you on "binary and
hexadecimal numbering schemes. It's kind of fun
just as a speed teste
Start the program at 0200 and you'll see eight bits
on the left side of the display. Some of the bits
are in the lower position, meaning 'off* or zero.
Others will be in the top row, where they mean 'on*
or logic one.
All you have to do is translate those bits into hexadecimal
notation, and enter the hex value. For example, if all
bits happen to be 'on', the number you'd enter is FF;
or if all the bits were •off, you'd enter 00.
KIM rewards a correct answer with another problem.
If you're not yet at ease with the concept of bits
and how they relate to hexadecimal numbering, a few
runs of this program will help a lot.
8ITZ
r\ onn
V CVKI
JJO
uinni
n.T)
V C\J 1
A Q
UJ.
T.DA
R<
°J
1 n
cm a
Q 1 A
n on t
IX1
W1AX1N
U/cUO
OA
lr
TQT3
1 h
It
fMP
020D
F0
50
BEQ
020F
85
14
STA
0211
C9
15
CMP
0213
F0
1C
BEQ
0215
A6
1C
LDX
0217
DO
OC
BNE
0219
C5
16
CMP
021B
DO
42
BNE
021D
AA
TAX.
021E
BD
E7
IF
LDA
0221
85
1C
STA
0223
DO
3A
BNE
0225
C5
17
DIG1
CMP
0227
DO
36
BNE
0229
AA
TAX
022A
BD
E7
IF
LDA
022D
85
ID
STA
022F
DO
2E
BNE
0231
A6
ID
NO KEY
LDX
0233
F0
2A
BEQ
0235
A9
00
LDA
0237
85
1C
STA
0239
85
ID
. STA
023B
AD
04
17
LDA
023E
AA
TAX
023F
29
OF
AND
0241
85
17
STA
#1 Set FLAG2 ..
FLAG2 . . to new problem
KEYIN set directnl reg
GETKEY get key input
PREV same as last time?
LIGHT yes, skip
PREV record new input
#$15 no key?
N0KEY yes, brnch
FLAG1 first digit found?
DIG1 yes, check second
SEED1 first digit match?
LIGHT no, ignore input
TABLE, X change to segment
FLAG1 ..store..
LIGHT . . and exit
SEED2 second digit match?
LIGHT no, ignore input
TABLE, X change to segment
FLAG 2
LIGHT
FLAG2 problem solved?
LIGHT not yet, skip
#0 Clear. .
FLAG1 . . for new problem
FLAG 2
TIMER get random value
#$0F extract last digit
SEED2 . . and store
38
024^
8A
TXA
0244
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
Extract first dieiit
0246
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
0248
85
16
STA
SEED1
• . and store
024a
86
15
STX
SEED
Store whole number
024C
A2
FC
LDX
#$FC
Minus 4 for window
024E
A9
00
PATT
LDA
#0
Clear Accum
0250
26
15
ROL
SEED
• • then roll in. •
0252
2A
ROL
A
• • two bits • ■
0253
v i~ J J
26
15
ROL
SEED
• • and • •
2A
ROL
A
• • convert. .
0256
A8
TAY
, a to . .
0257
B9
7B 02
LDA
TAB, Y
• . segments
025A
95
1C
STA
FLAG1
,X
025C
E8
INX
next segment
025D
DO
EF
BNE
PATT
025F
A9
7F
LIGHT
LDA
#$7F
Set directional..
0261
8D
41
17
STA
SADD
. .registers
0264
AO
09
LDY
#9
0266
A2
FA
LDX
#$FA
Minus 6
0268
B5
IE
SHOW
LDA
FLAG2+1,X Window contents
8D
40
17
STA
SAD
026D
8C
42
17
STY
SBD
0270
C6
11
WAIT
DEC
MOD
0272
DO
FC
BNE
WAIT
0274
C8
G8
INY
INY
0276
E8
INX
0277
30
EF
BMI
SHOW
0279
10
8A
BPL
MAIN
027B
14
12
TAB
.BYTE $14 ,$12, $24, $22
027D
24
22
5 end
.......... hex
DUMP
- BITZ
0200-
D8
A9
01
85
IE
20
40
IF
20
6A
IF
C5
14
F0
50
85
0210-
14
C9
1 5
F0
1C
A6
1 C
D0
0C
C5
16
D0
42
AA
ED
E7
0220-
1 F
85
1 C
D0
3A
C5
17
D0
36
AA
ED
E7
IF
85
1 D
D0
3230-
2E
A6
ID
F0
2A
A9
00
85
1 C
85
ID
AL
04
1 7
AA
29
0240-
0F
65
1 7
8A
4A
4A
4A
4A
85
16
86
1 5
A2
FC
A9
00
0250-
26
15
2A
26
1 5
2A
A3
59
7E
02
95
1C
E8
D0
EF
A9
0260-
7F
8D
41
1 7
A0
09
A 2
FA
E5
IE
8D
40
1 7
6C
42
1 7
0270-
C6
1 1
D0
FC
C8
C8
E8
30
EF
10
8A
14
12
24
22
39
BLACKJACK
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Descriptions
KIM uses a 'real* deck of cards in this game.
So when you've seen four aces going by, you know
that there will be no more - until the next shuffle.
BLACKJACK starts at address 0200. You'll see the
cards being shuffled - the word SHUFFL appears on the
display - and then KIM will ask how much you want to bet.
You'll start with an initial amount of $20. Your balance
is always shown to the right of the BET? question, so
on the first hand, you'll see BET? 20 on the display.
You may bet from $1 to $9> which is the house limit.
The instant you hit key 1 to 9 to signal your bet,
KIM will deal. Of course, you can't bet more money
than you have . . . and KIM ignores freeloaders who try
to bet a zero amount.
After the deal, you'll see both your cards on the left
of the display, and one of KIM's cards on the right.
(KIM's other card is a "hole" card, and you won't see
it until it's KIM's turn to play). Aces are shown
as letter A, face cards and tens as letter F, and
other cards as their value, two to nine. As always,
Aces count value 1 or 11 and face cards count 10.
You can call for a third card by hitting the 3 button . .
then the fourth card with the 4 button, and so on.
If your total goes over 21 points, KIM will ungrammatically
say BUSTED, and you'll lose. If you get five cards
without exceeding 21 points, you'll win automatically.
If you don't want any more cards, hit key 0. KIM will
report your point total, and then will show and play
its own hand. KIM, too, might go BUSTED or win on
a five-card hand. Otherwise, the most points wins.
From time to time, KIM will advise SHUFFL when the
cards start to run low.
Remember that you have a good chance to beat KIM at
this game. Keep track of the cards that have been
dealt (especially aces and face cards), and you're
likely to be a winner'
0200 A2 33 START LDX
0202 8A DK1 TXA
0203 95 ^0 STA
0205 CA DEX
0206 10 FA BPL
0208 A2 02 LDX
020 A BD BB 03 INL0P LDA
020D 95 75 STA
020F CA • DEX
#51
DECK.X
DK1
#2
INIT.X
PARAM , X
52 cards in deck
Create deck
by inserting cards
into deck
in sequence
Set up 3 locations
. . into . .
zero page
addresshi/ dpt/ amt
40
aoi a
A A
1U
■no
r 0
BPL
INL0P-
0212
AD
A 1.1
OH-
17
LDA
TIMER
use random timer
AOl C
U<£15
R t
05
On
ou
STA
RND
to seed random chain
021/
Do
76
DEAL
GLD
main loop repeats here
U21o
A C
A6
LDX
DPT
next-card pointer
021A
TPA
£i0
09
CPX #9
less than 9 cards?
021u
"DA
130
34
BCS
N0SHUF
9 or more, don't snuff 1
; shuffle deck
021E
AO
D8
LDY
#SHUF-$300 Set up SHUFFL msg
0220
20
57 03
JSR
FILL
put in WINDOW
A O O O
A A
AO
33
LDY
#51
ripple 52 cards
/% o o i-*
0225
QJi
04-
76
DPT
set full deck
0227
20
30
03
SHLP
JSR
LIGHT
illuminate display-
022A
38
SEC
AOOT3
U22.D
A
81
LDA
RND+1
Generate
022D
if
05
82
ADC
RND+2
new
022r
65
85
ADC
RND+5
random
RfC
05
80
STA
RND
number
A O
04-
LDX
#4
n aq <
R<
■£>_?
RA
RM0V
LDA
RND,X
move over
0237
A
95
ol
STA
RND+l.X the random
A O O O
0239
A A
OA
DEX
seed numbers
A O O A
U£_?A
•t A
1U
F9
BPL
RM0V
A A O A
02 Jb
A A
29
3F
AND
#$3F
Strip to 0-63 range
on
C9
34
CMP
#52
Over 51?
A A Jl A
"DA
E5
BCS
SHLP
yes, try new number
? swap
each card into random slot
0242
AA
TAX
024-3
B9
40
00
LDA
DECK, Y
get next card
fO
PHA
save it
V /CM" f
■R<
aJ
40
LDA
DECK,X
get random card
QQ
77
40
00
STA
DECK, Y
into position N
OO
40
PLA
and the original card
KJ CirU
Q K
yj
STA
DECK.X
into the random slot
OO
DEY
next in sequence
D5
BPL
SHLP
bck for next card
j ready to
accept
bet
0252
AO
DE
N0SHUF
LDY
#MBET-$300 Set up BET? msg
0254
20
57 03
JSR
FILL
put in WINDOW
0257
A5
77
LDA
AMT
display balance
0259
20
A6
03
JSR
NUMDIS
. . put in WINDOW
025C
20
30
03
BETIN
JSR
LIGHT
illuminate display
025F
C9
OA
CMP
#10
not key 0 to 9?
nope, ignore
0261
B0
F9
BCS
BETIN
0263
A A
AA
TAX
0264
06
79
STX
BET
store bet amount
0266
CA
DEX
0267
30
F3
BMI
BETIN
zero bet?
0269
E4
77
CPX
AMT
sufficient funds?
A A ^ "D
026B
T3A
B0
EF
BCS
BETIN
no, refuse bet
026D
; bet accepted - deal
A2
0B
LDX #11
Clean WINDOW and
026F
A9
00
LDA #0
card counters
0271
95
90
CL00P
STA
WINDOW,
X
0273
CA
DEX
0274
10
FB
BPL
CLOOP
41
0276 20 78
0279 20 8F
027C 20 78
027F 20 64
0282 86 7A
0284 20 28
0287 20 30
028A AA CA
028C 30 11
028E E4 96
0290 DO F5
0292 20 78
0295 G9 22
0297 BO 40
0299 EO 05
029B FO 53
029D DO E8
; here come the cards
03 JSR YOU one for you. .
03 JSR ME & one for me..
03 JSR YOU another for you..
03 JSR CARD put my second card..
STX HOLE . . in the hole
03 JSR WLITE wait a moment
; deal complete - wait for Hit or Stand
03 TRY JSR LIGHT
TAX DEX key input?
BMI HOLD zero for Stand?
GPX UGNT N for card #n?
BNE TRY nope, ignore key
Hit - deal another card
03
JSR YOU
CMP #$22
BCS UBUST
CPX #5
BEQ UWIN
BNE TRY
deal it
22 or over?
yup, you bust
5 cards?
yup, you win
nope, keep going
029F
02A1
02A2
02A4
02A7
02A9
02AB
02AD
02AE
A5 95
48
A2 00
20 OF
A2 04
A9 00
95 90
CA
10 FB
; Stand - show player* s total
HOLD LDA WINDOW+5 save KIM card
PHA on stack
LDX #0 flag player . .
03 JSR SHTOT .. for total display
LDX #4
LDA #0
HLOOP STA WINDOW, X clean window
DEX
BPL HLOOP
02B0 68
02B1 85 95
02B3 A6 7A
02B5 20 6D 03
02B8 20 92 03
restore display card and hole card
PLA display card
STA WINDOW+5 back to display
02BB 20
02BE A5
02C0 C9
02C2 BO
02C4 65
02C6 A6
02C8 DO
02CA C9
02CC 90
02CE A5
02D0 C9
02D2 BO
02D4 20
02D7 DO
28
9A
22
29
9B
91
18
22
02
9A
17
2C
8F
E2
03 PLAY
LDX HOLE
JSR CREC
JSR MEX
KIM plays here
03
02D9 20 28 03
02DC 20 55 03
02DF 20 28 03
JSR WLITE
LDA MTOT
CMP #$22
BCS IBUST
ADC MACE
LDX WINDOW+1
BNE IWIN
CMP #$22
BCC POV
LDA MTOT
CMP #$17
BCS H0LD2
JSR ME
BNE PLAY
; KIM wins here
UBUST JSR WLITE
JSR BUST
JSR WLITE
POV
get hole card
rebuild
play and display
pause to show cards
point total
. . 22 or over?
yup, KIM bust
add 10 for aces?
five cards?
yes, KIM wins
22+ including aces?
nope, count ace high
yup, ace low
17 or over?
yes, stand.,
no , hit. .
unconditional Branch
show player's hand.,
make BUST message..
. . and show it
42
A5
( (
a OTTil
T?R
r 0
Jo
7Q
/9
R<
n PITA
1 9
•I- r
n. 0
V C
A OTPT"!
OA
55
A O
03
u <cr u
OA
OR
a *a
03
02F3
A5
77
02F5
F8
18
n ot?7
°5
HQ
U /£T y
99
on
yv
ux
OR
yo
A 0"PTP
no
7TR
0300
A2
03
0302
20
OF
03
0305
A5
9A
0307
C5
97
0309
F0
DF
030B
BO
D5
030D
90
mm?
aJ
7 r
mi 1
U_JX X
"PR
1 R
x 0
U Jx J
7 <
f 5
QR
70
u _?x 0
HQ
^7
OO
U31 /
T3A
DV
02
0319
A £
97
031 B
D8
031C
B5
97
A O 1 "IT
U3-L-t-»
A A
AO
A "3 O ■)
OA
20
57
03
032^
68
0325
20
A6
03
A OO Q
U J<£o
Au
Pa
20
O A
30
03
032D
Q Q
OO
A O OTP
TtA
DO
r A
a 0 0 r\
0330
QJi
/r
0332
A A
AO
13
A O
U5
0336
A9
7F
0338
8D
*H
17
033B
B5
90
033D
8D
40
17
03^+0
8C
^2
17
03^3
E6
7B
IWIN LDA AMT
SED SEC
SBC BET
JLINK STA AMT
XL INK JMP DEAL
; Player wins here
IBUST JSR BUST
UWIN JSR WLITE
ADD LDA AMT
SED GLG
ADC BET
LDY #$99
BCC NOFLO
TYA
BNE JLINK
; KIM
H0LD2
decrease balance
..by amount of bet
store new balance
next play
make BUST message. .
display pause
increase balance
by amount of bet
$99 maximum. .
have we passed it?
yes, restore $99
unconditional branch
stands - compare points
LDX #3
JSR SHOTOT
LDA MTOT
CMP UTOT
BEQ XLINK
BCS IWIN
BCC ADD
flag KIM..
. . for total display
KIM's total.,
vs. Player's total.,
same, no score;
KIM higher, wins;
KIM lower, loses.
try adding Ace points
exceeds 21 total?
yes, skip
no, make permanent
; subroutines start here
; SHTOT shows point totals per X register
SHTOT LDA UTOT.X player's or KIM's total
SED CLC
ADC UACE,X
CMP #$22
BCS SHOVER
STA UT0T,X
SHOVER CLD
LDA UT0T,X get revised total
PHA save it
LDY #T0T-$300 set up TOT- msg
JSR FILL put in WINDOW
PLA recall total
JSR NUMDIS insert in window
; display pause, approx 1 second
WLITE LDY #$80 timing constant
WDO JSR LIGHT illuminate screen
DEY countdown
BNE WDO
; illuminate display
LIGHT
DIGIT
WAIT
save register
6 digits to show
set directional reg
STY YSAV
LDY #$13
LDX #$5
LDA #$7F
STA PADD
LDA WINDOW, X
STA SAD character segments
STY SBD character ID
INC PAUSE
43
mk<
TV)
■RNF WATT
n 'xlx.n
(J
RR
00
88
DFY DFY
PA
DEX
/"\ O /l A
10
TTT?
r.r
BPL DIGIT
kn
1 F
lr
JSR KEYIN
switch Dir Reg
V jHrr
on
6A
^ f
JSR GETKEY
test keyboard
ATM
U j)^
Ak
LDY YSAV
restore Y value
n t tk
£n
ou
RTS
• fill
WINDOW with BUST or other message
u3.p_?
An
F6
DUO X
LDY #$BST-$300
u J j (
Rk
OS*
7k
FTT.T,
STY P0INTR
03*59
w -/ _^ -7
AO
05
LDY #5
six digits to move
035B
Bl
FILLIT
LDA (P0INTR),Y load a digit
035D
99
90
00
STA WINDOW, Y put in window
0360
88
DEY
0361
10
F8
BPL FILLIT
0363
60
RTS
A6
7^
; deal
a card, calc value & segments
HARD
LDX DPT
Pointer in deck
w JUL)
7^
DEC DPT
Move pointer
0368
kn
LDA DECK,X
Get the card
036A
kA
kA
LSRA LSRA
Drop the suit
036n
AA
TAX
0 to 12 in X
036n
1 8
J. U
HRFf!
CLC
no -ace flag
036E
DO
01
BNE NOTACE
branch if not ace
0 370
38
SEC
ace flag
0371
BD
BE
03
LDA VALUE, X value from table
037^
BC
CB
03
LDY SEGS.X
segments from table
0377
60
RTS
6k
to player,
including display & count
0378
20
03
YOU
JSR CARD
deal card
F6
INC UCNT
card count
m7n
A6
Q6
LDX UCNT
use as display pointer
0 T7F
Qk
RF
STY WINDOW-
-1,X put card in Wndw
An
1 n
LDY #$10
ten count for aces
U303
on
n 0
BCC YOVER
no ace?
Rk
QR
70
STY UACE
ace, set 10 flag
U JO (
1 R
J. 0
F8
CLC SED
n Qfin
y r
ADC UTOT
add points to. .
n TP! 13
R<
y (
STA UTOT
. . point total
n ^Rn
uo
CLD
u_5or.
6n
RTS
6k
; card
to KIM, including display & counts
n^RF
on
n^
1'LCj
JSR CARD
deal card
nono
00
yy
DEC MCNT
inverted count
n ^Qk
a6
QQ
77
LDX MCNT
use as (r) display pontr
n
Qk
70
STY WIND0W+6.X into window
U390
An
AU
1 n
LDY #$10
ten count for aces
u jy/i
on
n 0
BCC MOVER
no ace?
n ^on
yo
STY MACE
ace, set 10 flag
039E
18
F8
MOVER
CLC SED
03 AO
65
9A
ADC MTOT
add points to . .
03A2
85
9A
STA MTOT
. . point total
03A^
D8
CLD
03A5
60
RTS
44
03A6
1*8
03A?
4A
4A
03A9
^A
03AB
A8
B9
E7
IF
03AF
85
9^
03B1
68
03B2
29
OF
03B^
A8
03B5
B9
E7
A 771
lr
03B8
85
95
03BA
60
03BB
03
00
20
03CB
F7
DB
CF
03D8
ED
F6
BE
03E2
F8
DC
F8
; transfer number in A to display
NUMDIS PHA save number
LSRA LSRA extract left digit
LSRA LSRA
TAY
LDA TABLE, Y
STA WIND0W+4
PLA
AND #$0F
TAY
LDA TABLE, Y
STA WIND0W+5
RTS
; tables in hex format
01 02 03 04- 05 06 0? 08 09 10 10 10 10
E6 ED FD 87 FF EF Fl Fl Fl Fl
Fl Fl B8 FC F9 F8 D3
CO FC BE ED 87 F9 DE
convert to segments
restore digit
extract right digit
convert to segments
HEX DUMP - BLACKJACK """""
a A A A
0200
A2
33
8A
95
/.A
40
CA
1 a
10
FA
A2
A A
02
BD
BB
03
95
75
CA
0210
10
F8
AD
04
17
85
A/\
80
ri A
D8
A6
76
EO
09
BO
34
AO
D8
0220
20
57
03
AO
33
84
76
20
30
03
38
A5
81
65
A /">
82
f r-
65
0230
85
85
80
A2
04
B5
80
95
81
CA
10
F9
29
3F
C9
34
0240
B0
E5
AA
B9
40
00
48
B5
40
99
40
00
68
95
40
88
0250
10
D5
AO
DE
20
57
03
A5
77
20
A6
03
20
30
03
C9
0260
OA
B0
F9
AA
86
79
CA
30
F3
E4
77
BO
EF
A2
OB
A9
0270
00
95
90
CA
10
FB
20
78
03
20
8F
03
20
78
03
20
0280
64
03
86
7A
20
28
03
20
30
03
AA
CA
30
11
E4
96
0290
DO
F5
20
78
03
C9
22
BO
40
EO
05
FO
53
DO
E8
A5
02 AO
95
48
A2
00
20
OF
03
A2
04
A9
00
95
90
CA
10
FB
02B0
68
85
95
A6
7A
20
6D
03
20
92
03
20
28
03
A5
9A
02C0
C9
22
B0
29
65
9B
A6
91
DO
18
C9
22
90
02
A5
9A
02 DO
C9
17
B0
2C
20
8F
03
DO
E2
20
28
03
20
55
03
20
02E0
28
03 A5
77
F8
38
E5
79
85
77
4C
17
02
20
55
03
02F0
20
28
03
A5
77
F8
18
65
79
AO
99
90
01
98
DO
E8
0300
A2
03
20
OF
03
A5
9A
C5
97
FO
DF
BO
D5
90
E4
B5
0310
97
F8
18
75
98
C9
22
BO
02
95
97
D8
B5
97
48
AO
0320
E2
20
57
03
68
20
A6
03
AO
80
20
30
03
88
DO
FA
0330
84
7F AO
13
A2
05
A9
7F
8D
41
17
B5
90
8D
40
17
0340
8C
42
17
E6
7B
DO
FC
88
88
CA
10
EF
20
40
IF
20
0350
6A
IF
A4
7F
60
AO
E6
84
74
AO
05
Bl
74
99
90
00
0360
88
10
F8
60
A6
76
C6
76
B5
40
4A
4A
AA
18
DO
01
0370
38
BD
BE
03
BC
CB
03
60
20
64
03
E6
96 A6
96
94
0380
8F
AO
10
90
02
84
98
18
F8
65
97
85
97
D8
60
20
0390
64
03
C6
99
A6
99
94
96
AO
10
90
02
84
9B
18
F8
03 AO
65
9A
85
9A
D8
60
48
4A
4A
4A
4A
A8
B9
E7
IF
85
03B0
94
68
29
OF
A8
B9
E7
IF
85
95
60
03
00
20
01
02
03C0
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
10
10
10
F7
DB
CF
E6
ED
03DQ
FD
87
FF
EF
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
ED
F6
BE
Fl
Fl
B8
FC
F9
03E0
F8
D3
F8
DC
F8
CO
FC
BE
ED
87
F9
DE
45
8 LACK MATCH
by Ron Kushnier
(modified by
the editors)
Description -
There are 21 matches. Each player must take 1,2, or
3 matches per turn. The player who winds up with the last
match loses. The player plays against the computer and goes
first. Starting address - 0200, press "GO". Player enters
a number on the keyboard; the left two digits display the
players number. The centre digits display the computer's
choice after some "think time". The rightmost digits display
a running total of matches left. The computer has an I.Q.
and will become dumber if you lose, smarter if you win.
0200
A9
21
START
LDA
#$21
initial IQ
0202
85
ED
STA
IQ
0204
A9
21
NEW
LDA
#$21
21 matches
0206
85
F9
STA
INH
to start game
clear player's move
0208
A9
00
PLAY
LDA
#0
020A
85
FB
STA
POINTH
020C
20
IF
IF
JSR
SCANDS
light display
020F
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
and test keys
0212
C9
04
CMP
#4
key 4 or over?
0214
10
F2
BPL
PLAY
go back
0216
C9
00
CMP
#0
key 0? go back
0218
F0
EE
BPL
PLAY
021A
85
FB
STA
POINTH
record move
021C
A9
00
LDA
#0
wipe last KIM move
021E
85
FA
STA
POINTL
0220
F8
SED
decimal mode
0221
38
SEC
0222
A5
F9
LDA
INH
get total matches
0224
E5
FB
SBC
POINTH
subtract move
0226
30
EO
BMI
PLAY
not enough matches?
0228
85
F9
STA
INH
OK, new total
022A
A9
08
LDA
#8
022C
85
EE
STA
SLOW
set slow counter
022E
A9
FF
TIME
LDA
#$FF
slowest count into. .
0230
8D
07
17
STA
CLOCK
..slowest KIM timer
0233
20
IF
IF
DISP
JSR
SCANDS
0236
2C
07
17
BIT
CLOCK
0239
10
F8
BPL
DISP
023B
C6
EE
DEC
SLOW
023D
DO
EF
BNE
TIME
023F
18
CLC
0240
A5
F9
LDA
INH
get total
0242
F0
26
BEQ
DEAD
player loses?
0244
69
04
ADC
#4
divide m-1 by 4
0246
E9
04
SUB
SBC
#4
0248
F0
OB
BEQ
DUMP
024A
C9
04
CMP
#4
024C
B0
F8
BCS
SUB
keep dividing
024E
AE
46
17
LDX
1746
random, timer#2
0251
E4
ED
CPX
IQ
KIM smart enough?
0253
B0
02
BCS
COMP
Yes
0255
A9
01
DUMP
LDA
#1
No
46
02^7
FA
oj j- "
COMP
STA
V £-J 7
JO
SFO
02^A
A1) F9
LDA
FA FA
SBn
02^
«^ FQ
OJ? J- 7
STA
J. A
o?6o
no a6
BNF
0262
\J Us \J
A2 ^A
LDA
0264
AO FE
LDY
0266
46 ED
LSR
0268
10 07
BPL
026A
A2 DE
DEAD
LDX
026C
AO AD
LDY
026E
38
SEC
026F
26 ED
ROL
0271
86 FB
SHOW
STX
0273
84 FA
STY
0275
20 IF IF
LOK
JSR
0278
DO 8A
BNE
027A
F0 F9
BEQ
027C
end
POINTL
Rpocrd "hhp tnovp
TNH
POINTL
Si3"h"hT*ap"h KTM movp
INH
from total
PLAY
ir -J
Plavpf wins :
#$FE
SAFE
IQ
crp "}~ <3|riQT**f"
SHOW
#$DE
KIM wins t
#&AD
DEAD
IQ
get dumb
POINTH
POINTL
SCANDS
NEW
new game if key
LOK
}«{??:{!: HEX DUMP - BLACK MATCH
0200- A9
0210- 6A
0220- F8
0230- 8D
0240- A5
0250- 17
2260- D0
0270- ED
21 85 ED
IF C9 04
38 A5 F9
07 17 20
F9 F0 26
£4 ED E0
A 6 A 2 5 A
86 FB 84
A9 21 85
10 F2 C9
E5 FE 30
IF IF 2C
69 04 E9
02 A9 01
A0 FE 46
FA 20 IF
F9 A9 00
00 F0 EE
E0 85 F9
07 17 10
04 F0 0B
85 FA 38
ED 10 07
IF D0 8A
85 FB 20
85 FE A9
A9 08 85
F8 C6 EE
C9 04 B0
A5 F9 E5
A2 DE A0
F0 F9
IF IF 20
00 8 5 FA
EE A9 FF
D0 EF 18
F8 AE 46
FA 85 F9
AD 38 26
47
CARD DEALER
DESCRIPTION -
THIS PROGRAM WILL DEAL A FULL DECK OF 52 CARDS.
THE VALUE AND SUIT OF THE CARDS APPEARS IN THE RIGHT
TWO DIGITS OF THE DISPLAY. PRESS ANY KEY TO GET
ANOTHER CARD. EACH WILL APPEAR ONLY ONCE. WHEN ALL
CARDS HAVE BEEN DEALT, THE PROGRAM MUST BE RESTARTED
AT 0000.
BY DAN LEWART
nnnn
uuuu
AO
Az
Ub
TKITT
LUA
if -?Ub
ri pad mcpi ay
nnno
UUUz
A n
AU
UU
ft -?UU
v^oc-y i j— u
UUUH
yn
Ob
TKITT 1
1IN1 1 X
C TV
b 1 Y
no Qd y
UUod, A
UUUb
LA
DhX
uuu /
DO
rB
r>K ICT
iurT 1
INI 1 1
uuuy
Do
UUUA
A O
Az
111
LUX
ff>34
rlLL DECK
UOUu
oc
ob
92
C TV
5TX
0092
blOKh CARDS LErl
n r> r\ r~
000E
/~- o
Co
I NY
(.93-CbJ-l
000F
94
92
INIT 2
STY
0092, X
0011
CA
DEX
0012
DO
FB
BNE
INIT 2
0014
A5
92
NEWCRD
LDA
0092
DECK FINISHED?
0016
DO
03
BNE
RANDOM
0018
4C
4F
1C
JMP
START
YES, STOP
00 IB
AD
04
17
RANDOM
LDA
1704
GET RANDOM # (1-FF)
00 IE
DO
0B
BNE
FASTER
0020
AD
44
17
LDA
1744
0023
DO
06
BNE
FASTER
0025
A5
92
LDA
0092
BOTH CLOCKS OUT OF RANGE
0027
4A
LSR
ft APPROX. MIDDECK
0028
18
CLC
0029
69
01
ADC
#$01
002B
C5
92
FASTER
CMP
0092,
GET NUMBER 1-34
002D
90
07
BCC
FIND
002F
F0
05
BEQ
FIND
0031
E5
92
SBC
0092
0033
4C
2B
00
JMP
FASTER
0036
A2
33
FIND
LDX
"$33
FIND THE CARD
0038
38
FIND 1
SEC
KEEP SUBTRACTING CARD
0039
F5
93
SBC
0093,X
CARD=0 MEANS PICKED
00 3B
F0
03
BEQ
UPDATE
CARD=1 MEANS IN DECK
003D
CA
DEX
X=CARD POSITION
00 3E
10
F8
BPL
FIND 1
0040
95
93
UPDATE
STA
0093,X
CARD=0
0042
C6
92
DEC
0092
1 LESS CARD LEFT
0044
8A
TXA
GET FIRST 6 BITS OF X
0045
4A
LSR
Y-(O-C)
0046
4A
LSR
0047
A8
TAY
48
A A 1 > O
0048
B9
7B
00
LDA 007B,Y
GET VALUE FROM VALTBL
a a f < r>
Or
85
90
STA 0090
STORE AS 5TH DISPLAY DIGIT
A A /■ f"\
004D
A A
8A
TXA
GET LAST 2 BITS OF X
00 4E
29
03
AND #$03
Y=C0-3)
0050
A8
TAY
0051
B9
88
00
LDA 0088,Y
GET SUIT FROM SUITBL
0054
85
91
STA 0091
STORE AS 6TH DISP. DIGIT
0056
20
62
00
K DOWN
JSR DISP
DISPLAY C8C-91)
0059
DO
FB
BNE K DOWN
UNTIL KEY UP
005B
20
62
00
K UP
JSR DISP
DISPLAY C8C-91)
005E
DO
B4
BNE NEWCRD
UNTIL KEY DOWN
0060
F0
F9
BEQ K UP
0062
A9
7F
DISP
LDA #$7F
SEGMENTS TO OUTPUT
0064
8D
41
17
STA 1741
0067
AO
00
LDY #$00
INITIALIZE
0069
A2
08
LDX #$08
006B
B9
8C
00
DISP 1
LDA 008C,Y
GET CHARACTER
006E
84
FC
STY OOFC
0070
20
4E
IF
JSR 1F4E
DISPLAY CHARACTER
0073
C8
I NY
NEXT CHARACTER
0074
CO
06
CPY #$06
0076
90
F3
BCC DISP 1
0078
4C
3D
IF
JMP 1F3D
DONE, KEY DOWN?
TABLES
00 7B
77
VALTBL
"A"
00 7C
5B
ii2'i
00 7D
4F
it jit
00 7E
66
iiij.ii
007F
6D
ntjit
0080
7D
11511
0081
07
0082
7F
"8"
0083
6F
Hgtt
0084
78
iijii
0085
IE
iijn
0086
67
ttQll
0087
70
"K"
0088
6D
SUITBL
iisii
•
00 89
7fi
IlLltl
n
00 8A
008B
llpll
HEX DUMP
- CARD DEALER
0000
A2
06
AO 00 94
8B CA DO FB D8
A2 34 86 92 C8 94
0010
92
CA
DO FB A5
92 DO 03 4C 4F
1C AD 04 17 DO 0B
0020
AD
44
17 DO 00
A5 92 4A 18 69
01 C5 92 90 07 F0
0030
05
E5
92 4C 2B
00 A2 33 38 F5
93 F0 03 CA 10 F8
0040
95
93
C6 92 8A
4A 4A A8 B9 7B
00 85 90 8A 29 03
0050
A8
B9
88 00 85
91 20 62 00 DO
FB 20 62 00 DO B4
0060
FO
F9
A9 7F 8D
41 17 AO 00 A2
08 B9 8C 00 84 FC
0070
20
4E
IF C8 CO
06 90 F3 4C 3D
IF 77 5B 4F 66 6D
0080
7D
07
7F 6F 78
IE 67 70 6D 76
5E 39
49
BY CASS LEW ART
DESCRIPTION -
THE PROGRAM STARTS AT LOCATION 0200. TWO INDEPENDENT
CLOCKS ARE OPERATED BY THE TWO PLAYERS BY DEPRESSING KEYS
1 OR 2 RESPECTIVELY. THE RIGHT TWO DIGITS SHOW THE MOVE
NUMBER, THE LEFT FOUR DIGITS SHOW MINUTES AND SECONDS.
MAXIMUM TIME IS 99 MINUTES 59 SEC. THE CLOCK PROGRAM CAN
BE FINELY TUNED BY CHANGING THE VALUE OF WORD 027F, INCREASE
BY 1 SLOWS THE CLOCK BY APPROXIMATELY 6 SEC/24 HOURS AND
VICE VERSA.
0200
A9
00
LDA
#$00
ZERO ALL OF PAGE ZERO
0202
AA
TAX
0203
9D
00
00
ZERO
STA
0000, X
0206
E8
I NX
0207
DO
FA
BNE
ZERO
0209
20
IF
IF
DISP
JSR
SCANDS
DISPLAY ZEROS
020C
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
KEY PRESSED?
020F
C9
02
CMP
#$02
KEY # 2?
0211
DO
F6
BNE
DISP
NO, WAIT TILL 2 DOWN
0213
A9
01
LOOP
LDA
#$01
FLAG TO 1
0215
85
D4
STA
00D4
CCLOCK #1 TO RUN)
0217
20
60
02
JSR
TIME
GET CLOCK RUNNING
9(1
71
J X
XJJL
JSR
SAVE
SAVE TIME ON DISPLAY
(19 1 D
AQ
(19
LDA
#$02
FLAG TO 2
no i f
UK
05
nil
STA
00D4
CCLOCK #2 TO RUN)
f!99 1
9(1
fin
JSR
TIME
GET OTHER CLOCK RUNNING
(1994
18
CLC
...INCREMENT MOVE
0995
AR
FQ
LDA
00F9
NUMBER. . .
0997
oy
n i
U X
ADC
#$01
op
FQ
STA
00F9
099R
Oft
J X
no
JSR
SAVE
SAVE CLOCK 2 TIME
ur
1 ■*
LJ
JMP
LOOP
BACK TO CLOCK # 1
QAVF TTMF
oMVC 1 Irlu
INDICATED SUBROUTINE
v a. J X
AQ
f)9
c Ayr
LDA
#$02
CLOCK #2?
noxx
nil
CMP
00D4
0235
DO
11
BNE
CLK1
NO, STORE FOR CLOCK # 1
0237
A5
FB
LDA
00 FB
... STORE VALUES FOR
0239
85
D2
STA
00D2
CLOCK # 2 IN 00D2
023B
A5
FA
LDA
00FA
AND 00D3 ...
023D
85
D3
STA
00D3
023F
A5
DO
LDA
00 DO
... LOAD DISPLAY WITH
0241
85
FB
STA
00FB
VALUES FOR CLOCK # 1 ..
0243
A5
Dl
LDA
00D1
0245
85
FA
STA
00 FA
0247
60
RTS
0248
A5
FB
CLK1
LDA
00 FB
. . . STORE VALUES FOR
024A
85
DO
STA
00D0
CLOCK # 1 IN 00D0
024C
A5
FA
LDA
00 FA
AND 00D1 ...
02 4E
85
Dl
STA
00D1
0250
A5
D2
LDA
00D2
... LOAD DISPLAY WITH
0252
85
FB
STA
00FB
VALUES FOR CLOCK # 2 ..
0254
A5
D3
LDA
00D3
0256
85
FA
STA
00FA
0258
60
RTS
50
CLOCK ADVANCE SUBROUTINE """"
0260
F8
TIME
SED
SET DECIMAL MODE
0261
AQ
0<4
1 DA
TTMF Mill TTPI TFR TO U
1 XI IL- I IVJL. 1X1 1— 1 1 \J ~T
0263
85
D5
STA
0265
AQ
F0
LOAD
1 DA
#$F0
SFT TTMFR
«j l_ i i ii il_ r\
0967
\J £.\J J
8D
07
1 7
^TA
1 7(17
J- / u /
UtUn
1 F
1 P
.1 n
1 TTF
LI IL
JjK
htqp! av n nfv
Ul jrLnT V^LUVix
026D
fiA
IF
UJ !N
GFTKFY
CFT KFYROAPn FNTPY
0970
DU
PMP
FOI 1AI TO F1 A(X?
0979
U J.
RNF
WATT
nni 1
MO TTMF OUT THFW 1 IPnATF
0274
fin
RT9
IN 1 O
YF9 RFTURNI FROM ^IIRR
0275
9C
07
17
-A /
WATT
RTT
D X 1
1 70 7
j. y u /
TTMF nOMF*?
0278
10
Ffl
RPI
1 TTF
MOT YFT
027A
C6
D5
DEC
oods
\j \j j
DFCRFMFNT TTMF MLJI T
027C
DO
E7
BNE
LOAD
NOT ZERO RESET TIMER
027E
A9
BF
LDA
#$BF
1 AST 1 TTTI F BTT OF TTMF
0280
8D
06
17
STA
1706
INTO TIMER
111 1 V-/ 1 X> 11— .1 »
0283
2C
07
17
TINY
BIT
1707
DONE?
0286
10
FB
BPL
TINY
NO
0288
18
CLC
ONE SECOND ADDED
0289
A5
FA
LDA
00FA
TO CLOCK
02 8B
69
01
ADC
#$01
TT t V/ x
028D
FA
STA
oofa
CfFNTFR TWO DTGTTS")
Q28F
C9
60
CMP
Tr vu u
A MTNIIJTF UP'
r\ J IXINw 1 1— V_/l ■
09Q1
nn
RNF
WOT YFT
0293
38
SEC
YES, SEC. TO ZERO
0294
A9
00
LDA
#$00
0296
85
FA
STA
00FA
0298
A5
FB
NOMN
LDA
00FB
... MINUTES INCREMENTED
029A
69
00
ADC
#$00
IF CARRY SET ...
029C
85
FB
STA
00FB
029E
4C
60
02
JMP
TIME
LOOP
:»c:::s5{ HEX DUMP - CHESS CLOCK :««-J5:
0200-
A9
00
AA
9D
00
00
E8
D0
FA
20
IF
IF
20
6A
IF
C9
0210-
02
D0
F6
A9
01
85
D4
20
60
02
20
31
02
A9
02
85
0220-
D4
20
60
02
18
A5
F9
69
01
85
F9
20
31
02
AC
1 3
0230-
02
A9
02
C5
D4
D0
1 1
A5
FB
85
D2
A5
FA
85
D3
A5
0240-
D0
85
FB
A5
Dl
85
FA
60
A5
FE
85
D0
A5
FA
85
Dl
0250-
A5
D2
85
FB
A5
D3
85
FA
60
0260-
F8
A9
04
85
D5
A9
F0
8D
07
17
20
IF
IF
20
6A
IF
0270-
C5
DA
D0
01
60
2C
07
17
10
F0
C6
D5
D0
E7
A9
BF
0280-
8D
06
17
2C
07
17
10
FB
18
A5
FA
69
01
85
FA
C9
0290-
60
D0
05
38
A9
00
85
FA
A5
FE
69
00
85
FB
AC
60
02A0- 02
51
- Charles Parsons
This clock routine uses KIM's built in interval timer with the
interrupt option. It works by loading $F4 into the timer (./102k) each
time the Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) occurs. This theoretically pro-
duce a time of 2^9,856 microseconds or just under % second. The adjust
ment to % second is done with the timer (/I) in the interrupt routine.
A fine adjustment of the clock can be made by modifying the value in
location $0366. Only two subroutines will be documented here (ESCAPE
TO KIM & HOUR CHIME) but many more can be added by simply replacing
the NOP codes starting at $03DE with jumps to your own subroutines.
For instance, a home control system could be set up using the clock
program •
The escape to KIM allows KIM to run without stopping the clock.
This means that you can run other programs simultaneously with the
clock program unless your program also needs to use the NMI (such as
single step operation) or if there could be a timing problem (such as
with the audio tape operation). Pressing the KIM GO button will get
you out of the KIM loop.
To start the clock:
1. Connect PB7 (A-15) to NMI (E-6).
2. Initialize NMI pointer (17FA, 1?FB) with 60 and 03.
3. Set up the time and AM-PM counter locations in page
zero.
4. Go to address S03C0 and press GO.
To get back into the clock display mode if the clock is run-
ning - start at location &03C9.
NOTE; These routines are not listed in any particular order
so be watchful of the addresses when you load them.
PAGE ZERO LOCATIONS
CO70 NOTE . Sets frequency of note
0080 QSEC % second counter
0081 SEC second counter
0082 MIN minute counter
0083 HR hour counter
0084 DAY day counter for AM-PM
CLOCK
52
INTERRUPT ROUTINE
This routine uses the NMI to update a clock in zero page
locations. Since the crystal may be slightly off one MHz a
fine adjustment is located at O366. NMI pointers must be set
to the start of this program.
0360
48
PHA
save A
0361
OA
TXA
0362
40
PHA
save X
0363
9o
TYA
U3o*+
40
PHA
save Y
O3o5
A9o3
LDA #$»3
fine adjust timing
0307
STA TIME4
030A
2C0717
TM
BIT TIME7
test timer
U3oJJ
10fB
BPL TM
loop until time out
fiiDOU
INC tJSEC
count V* seconds
03 /I
A904
LDA #$04
do four times before
03/3
O3OO
CMP QSEC
updating seconds
0375
IJVjO
BNE RTN
0
03/7
Ayou
LDA #300
reset a second counter
03 A*
03 OU
STA <^SEC
03
10
CLC
037C
Fo
SED
advance clock in decimal
037D
A58l
LDA SEC
037F
6901
ADC #$01
advance seconds
0381
ft*— ft •*
8581
STA SEC
0383
C960
CMP #360
until 60 seconds
0385
D028
BNE RTN
0387
A900
LDA #$00
then start again
0389
858I
STA SEC
038B
A582
LDA MIN
038D
18
CLC
038E
6901
ADC #$01
and advance minutes
0390
8582
STA MIN
0392
C960
CMP #360
until 60 minutes
039^
D019
BNE RTN
0396
A900
LDA #$0Q
then start again
0398
8582
STA MIN
039A
A583
LDA HR
and advance hours
039c
18
CLC
039D
6901
ADC #$01
039F
8583
STA HR
03A1
C912
CMP #$12
until 12 hours
03A3
D002
BNE TH
03A5
E684
INC DAY
advance # day
03A7
C913
TH
CMP #313
if 13 hours
03A9
D004
BNE RTN
start again with one
03AB
A901
LDA #301
03AD
8583
STA HR
03AF
D8
RTN
CLD
go back to hex mode
03B0
A9F4
lda #m
start timer with interrupt
03B2
8DOF17
STA TIMEF
in 2^9,856 microseconds
53
03B5
00
PLA
Oj?DD
Ao
TAY
03B7
68
PLA
03B8
AA
TAX
03B9
68
PLA
03BA
ko
RTI
restore Y
restore X
restore A
return from interrupt
ESCAPE TO KIM IF 1 ON KIM IS PRESSED
This is a subroutine which will return to the KIM monitor routine
without stopping the real time clock. It is done by pressing 1 on the
KIM keyboard.
0300 206A1F KIM
0303 C901
0305 DOOD
0307 201F1F
030A 206A1F
030D C901
030F D003
0311 4C051C
0314 60 ENDR
JSR GETKEY
CMP #»01
BNE ENDR
JSR SCANDS
JSR GETKEY
CMP #301
BNE ENDR
JMP SAVE1
RTS
go back to KIM if
KIM keyboard is one
delay to make sure
TWO TONE SOUND TO INDICATE HOURS
This is a subroutine which when added to the clock display
routine will use the real time clock data to produce one sound
per hour on the hour. The output is a speaker circuit as shown
on Pg. 57 of
the KIM
-1 Manual.
It is hooked to PBO rather than
PAO.
The specific notes
can be
changed by altering 0330 and 033C.
0320
A582
BEEP
LDA
MIN
on the hour?
0322
D029
BNE
END
if not return
0324
A581
LDA
SEC
execute until SEC = HR
0326
38
SEC
0327
E583
SBC
HH
0329
1024
BPL
END
032B
A58O
AGAIN
LDA
^SSC
first % second?
032D
D006
BNE
ONE
032F
A91E
LDA
#S1E
set high note
0331
8570
STA
NOTE
0333
DOOA
BNE
GO
sound note for K second
0335
A901
ONE
LDA
#301
second Y* second?
0337
C58O
CMP
QSEC
0339
D014
BNE
END
033B
A928
LDA
#$28
set low note
033D
8570 >*
STA
NOTE
033F
A901 ^
^>G0
LDA
#$01
set I/O ports
0341
8D0317
STA
PBDD
EE0217
INC
PBD
toggle speaker
03^7
A570
LDA
NOTE
0349
AA
TAX
set delay
03^A
CA
DEC
DEX
034B
10FD
BPL
DEC
03kD
30DC
BMI
AGAIN
keep sounding
03^F
60
END
RTS
54
DISPLAY CLOCK ON KIM-1 READOUT
03CO A900
03C2 8580
03Ck k9Tk
LDA #$00
STA QSEC
LDA #$FV
STA TIMEF
LDA SBC
STA INH
LDA MIN
STA POINTL
LDA HR
STA POINTH
JSR SCANDS
JSR KIM
JSR BEEP
reset % second counter
03C6 8D0F1?
start timer with interrupt
03C9 A581
03CB 85F9
03CD A582
03CF 85FA
03D1 A583
03D3 85FB
DSP
start here if clock is running
display clock on KIM
03D5 20IF1F
03D8 200003
03DB 202003
escape to KIM
sound on the hour
03DE EAEAEA
03E1 EAEAEA
03EA EAEAEA
03E? EAEAEA
03EA EAEAEA
03ED EAEAEA
03F0 EAEAEA
03F3 EAEAEA
03F6 EAEAEA
03F9 EAEAEA
03FC 4CC903 JMP DSP
0300-
20
6A
1 F
C9
01
D0
0D
20
IF
IF
20
6A
IF
C9
01
D0
0310-
03
4C
05
1C
60
0320-
A5
82
D0
29
A5
81
38
E5
8 3
10
24
A5
80
D0
06
A9
0330-
IE
85
70
D0
0A
A9
01
C5
80
D0
14
A9
28
85
70
A9
0340-
01
8D
03
1 7
EE
02
17
A5
70
AA
CA
10
FD
30
DC
60
0360-
48
8A
48
98
48
A9
83
8D
04
17
20
C0
1 7
10
FB
E6
0370-
80
A9
04
C5
80
D0
38
A9
00
85
80
18
F8
A5
81
69
0380-
01
85
81
C9
D0
28
A9
00
85
81
A5
82
18
69
01
0390-
85
82
C9
60
19
A9
00
85
82
A5
83
18
69
01
85
03A0-
83
C9
12
D0
02
E6
84
C9
1 3
B0
04
A9
01
85
83
D8
03B0-
A9
F4
8D
0F
1 7
68
A8
68
AA
68
40
03C0-
A9
00
85
80
A9
F4
8D
0F
17
A5
81
85
F9
A5
82
85
03D0-
FA
A5
83
85
FB
20
IF
IF
20
00
03
20
20
03
EA
EA
03E0-
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
03F0-
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
4C
C9
03
***** Hex
Dump - Clock *****
55
BY STAN OCKERS
DESCRIPTION -
THIS PROGRAM REQUIRES THAT A SPEAKER BE HOOKED
TO PAO AS IN FIGURE 5.1 OF THE KIM MANUAL. WHEN STARTED
AT 0200, THE PROGRAM WILL SEND 5 LETTER CODE GROUPS,
(INTERNATIONAL MORSE), OVER THE SPEAKER. THE CODE GROUPS
WILL CONSIST OF RANDOM CHARACTERS INCLUDING A-Z, 0-9, A
PERIOD, COMMA, QUESTION MARK AND EQUAL SIGN. AFTER THIS
TRANSMISSION, YOUR RECEPTION CAN BE CHECKED BECAUSE THE
GROUPS SENT WILL BE SHOWN ON THE DISPLAY. PRESSING ANY
KEY WILL CAUSE THE NEXT GROUP TO BE DISPLAYED. LIMITATIONS
IMPOSED BY THE 7 SEGMENT DISPLAYS MAKE SOME CHARACTERS
PRETTY STRANGE AND THERE IS SOME REDUNDANCY; BUT BY SLOWING
THE TRANSMISSION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT WHAT
EACH CHARACTER IS.
02nn
A2
nc
TNTTTAI T7ATTON
0202
BD
DF
02
INIT
LDA
02DF,X
1? VAl UES ARF LOADED
0205
E2
STA
00E2 X
FROM f)OF? ON UP
n9fi7
UTZ A
UZUo
i n
J~o
0
RPi
DrL
TKITT
1 IN 1 1
D9nA
UZUM
A9
1 i L
U r
GRIP
i nx
1 VJ f\
1f y Ui
V.^rMv>C 1_L_IN\7 1 Fiy
uzu^
9(1
An
no
UjK
QPATF
QPAPF FHP ANOTHFP CPfM IP
n9nF
uzur
AQ
uo
1 HA
IfyUO
£POI IP ^T7F ^ PHAP
0211
85
E0
STA
0OEO
0213
C6
E0
CHAR
DEC
00E0
NEXT CHAR. IN GROUP
0215
F0
F3
BEQ
GRUP
FINISHED, GET NEW GROUP
(SPACE LENGTH)
0217
A2
03
LDX
#$03
0219
20
AO
02
JSR
SPACE
SPACE BETWEEN CHAR.
021C
20
CB
02
NUMB
JSR
RAND
GET A RANDOM #
021F
29
3F
AND
#$3F
MAKE SURE POSITIVE
0221
C9
28
CMP
#$28
LESS THAN 41 (DECIMAL)?
0223
10
F7
BPL
NUMB
NO, GET ANOTHER
0225
AA
TAX
USE AS INDEX
0226
BD
13
03
LDA
0313,X
GET DISPLAY CONVERSION
0229
A4
E2
LDY
00E2
CHAR. INDEX IN Y
022B
99
3B
03
STA
033B,Y
STORE CONVERSION
022E
E6
E2
INC
00E2
INDEX UP ONE
0230
A5
E2
LDA
00E2
LAST CHARACTER?
0232
C9
1A
CMP
#$1A
0234
F0
20
BEQ
DEBO
YES, GO READOUT
0236
BD
EB
02
LDA
02EB,X
GET CODE CHARACTER
0239
85
DF
STA
00DF
TEMPORARY STORE
02 3B
06
DF
BITS
ASL
00DF
SHIFT
02 3D
F0
D4
BEQ
CHAR
EMPTY, GET NEXT CHAR.
023F
B0
0D
BCS
DASH
IF CARRY SET, SEND DASH
0241
A2
01
LDX
#$01
..ELSE SEND DOT
0243
20
82
02
JSR
MARK
0246
A2
01
SPAC
LDX
#$01
THEN SPACE
56
0248
20
AO
02
JSR
SPACE
02 4B
18
CLC
024C
90
ED
BCC
BITS
UNCOND. JUMP
024E
A2
03
DASH
LDX
#$03
(DASH LENGTH)
0250
20
82
02
JSR
MARK
SEND A DASH
0253
18
CLC
0254
90
FO
BCC
SPAC
UNCOND. JUMP
0256
20
8E
IE
DEBO
JSR
INIT1
..DEBOUNCE KEY. .
0259
20
Bl
02
JSR
DISP
025C
DO
F8
BNE
DEBO
WAIT FOR KEY RELEASE
025E
20
Bl
02
WAIT
JSR
DISP
0261
FO
FB
BEQ
WAIT
WAIT FOR KEY DOWN
0263
18
CLC
0264
A5
E4
LDA
00E4
..UPDATE POINTER TO
0266
69
05
ADC
#$05
POINT AT NEXT GROUP..
0268
85
E4
STA
00E4
026A
AO
04
LDY
#$04
. .LOAD WINDOWS 00E8-
026C
Bl
E4
WIND
LDA
(00E4),Y
OOEC WITH CONVERSIONS
026E
99
E8
00
STA
00E8,Y
FOR DISPLAY..
0271
88
DEY
0272
10
F8
BPL
WIND
02 74
C6
E3
DEC
00E3
LAST GROUP?
0276
DO
DE
BNE
DEBO
NO, GET ANOTHER
0278
A9
36
LDA
#$36
REINITILIZE POINTER
02 7A
85
E4
STA
00E4
TO RUN THRU GROUPS AGAIN
02JC
A9
05
LDA
#$05
, £
85
E3
STA
00E3
0280
DO
D4
BNE
DEBO
UNCOND. JUMP
MARK SUBROUTINE
0282
86
DD
STX
OODD
TEMP. STORE
0284
A5
E6
TIMM
LDA
00E6
SPEED BYTE
0286
8D
07
17
STA
1707
START TIMER
0289
A9
01
LDA
#$01
PA0 TO OUTPUT
02 8B
8D
01
17
STA
1701
02 8E
EE
00
17
TOGG
INC
1700
TOGGLE PA0
0291
A6
E7
LDX
00E7
DETERMINE FREQ.
0293
CA
FREQ
DEX
0294
DO
FD
BNE
FREQ
0296
2C
07
17
BIT
1707
TIME UP?
0299
10
F3
BPL
TOGG
NO
029B
C6
DD
DEC
OODD
DETERMINE MARK LENGTH
029D
DO
E5
BNE
TIMM
029F
60
RTS
""""" SPACE SUBROUTINE
02A0
86
DD
DISP
STX
OODD
TEMP. STORE
02A2
A5
E6
TIMS
LDA
00E6
SPEED BYTE
02A4
8D
07
17
STA
1707
START TIMER
02A7
2C
07
17
HOLD
BIT
1707
DONE?
02AA
10
FB
BPL
HOLD
NO
02AC
C6
DD
DEC
OODD
FULL TIME UP?
02AE
DO
F2
BNE
TIMS
NO
02B0
60
RTS
57
***** Display Subroutine *******
02B1
A9
7F
DISP
LDA
#$7F
change segments..
02B3
8D
41
17
STA
PADD
. . to outputs
02B6
AO
00
LDY
#0
init. recall index
02B8
A2
09
LDX
#9
init. digit number
02BA
B9
E8
00
SIX
LDA
00E8fY
get character
02BD
84
FC
STY
YSAV
save Y
02BF
20
4E
IF
JSR
DISPL
display character
02C2
C8
INY
set up for next char
02C3
CO
06
CPY
#6
6 chars displayed?
02C5
90
F3
BCC
SIX
no, do more
0 2C7
20
3D
IF
JSR
KEYTS
key down?
02CA
60
RTS
*****
Random
Number Subroutine ******
02CB
38
D8
RAND
SEC
CLD
0 2CD
A5
Dl
LDA
RND+1
from Kim User Notes
02CF
65
D4
ADC
RND+3
vol 1, #1
02D1
65
D5
ADC
RND+4
(J. Butterfield)
02D3
85
DO
STA
RND
02D5
A2
04
LDX
#4
02D7
B5
DO
ROLL
LDA
RND,X
02D9
95
Dl
STA
RND+1 ,X
02DB
CA
DEX
02DC
10
F9
BPL
ROLL
02DE
60
RTS
***** initialization Values *******
02DF 00 05 36 03 33 6% CO CO CO CO CO 00
***** Morse Code Characters *******
02EB 60 88 A8 90 40 28 DO 08 20 78 B0 48 E0 AO F0 68
02FB D8 50 10 CO 30 18 70 98 B8 C8 FC 7C 3C 1C 0C 04
030B 84 C4 E4 F4 56 CE 32 8C
***** Display Characters **********
0313 F7 FC B9 DE F9 Fl BD F6 84 9E F0 B8 B7 D4 DC F3
0323 E7 DO ED F8 BE EA 9C 94 EE C9 BF 86 DB CF E6 ED
0333 FD 87 FF EF 90 84 D3 C8
*** Characters sent stored in 033B - 03FF ***
CHANGES: The program sends and displays 5 groups of
5 characters each. This may be changed, although
you may need to do some debugging along the way.
Important parameters are:
— 0233 contains characters-to-be-sent, plus one;
— 02E0 contains groups-to-be-displayed-af ter-transmission
— 02E3 contains speed-of-transmission; hex 33 gives about
16 groups/min, hex 66 gives 8 words/min
— 02E4 varies the tone
— 02E1/02E2 points at the block of ' characters to be sent;
— 0222 controls the character set; 1A for letters only.
See Byte magazine, October 1976, page 36, for details of
morse character storage.
58
CHAPS
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DESCRIPTION -
SET ADDRESS 0200, THEN HOLD "GO" DOWN .. YOU'LL SEE:
- 2 DICE "ROLLING" ON THE LEFT
- $10 BALANCE ON THE RIGHT
LET "GO" GO ... THE DICE WILL STOP ROLLING, AND YOU'LL GET:
- A WIN ON A TOTAL OF 7 OR 11; YOU'LL SEE YOUR DOLLAR
BALANCE RISE; OR
- A LOSS ON TOTALS OF 2,3, OR 12; YOUR DOLLAR BALANCE
WILL DROP; OR
- A "POINT" - THE CENTER SEGMENTS WILL LIGHT WITH THE
ROLL AND YOU MUST TRY TO ROLL THIS TOTAL AGAIN
BEFORE YOU ROLL 7 -
PUSH THE "GO" BUTTON ONLY ON THE FIRST ROLL. FOR SUBSEQUENT
ROLLS, PUSH ANOTHER BUTTON.
v C\j\j
L/O
START
90
4o
IF
•T ?
nonZi
on
6A
IF
u ort
yj c\j (
0<
40
C\OC\ o
\j c\) y
V V
79
A O A T3
\JeL\JD
°5
40
A OAPl
\JC\JU
15
PAT)
A OAT?
85
41
STA
no
06
Oivir
0213
DO
05
BNE
0215
A9
10
LDA
0217
20
A9
02
JSR
021A
AD
04 17 NOGO
LDA
021D
A2
CO
LDX
021F
86
4E
STX
0221
A2
05
LDX
0223
G5
4E
RNDLP
CMP
0225
90
02
BCC
0227
E5
4E
SBC
0229
46
4E
RNDOV
LSR
022B
CA
DEX
022G
10
F5
BPL
022E
AA
TAX
022F
E8
INX
0230
BD
E7
IF
LDA
0233
A4
41
LDY
0235
FO
06
BEQ
0237
86
42
STX
0239
85
43
STA
023B
DO
47
BNE
023D
85
47
PLAY
STA
023F
A5
43
LDA
0241
85
46
STA
0243
A5
44
LDA
KEYIN
GET KEY
LAST
LIGHT same key as before?
LAST
#$15 no-key test
FLAG into flag
#6 GO key?
NOGO nope . .
#$10 yes, $10
DOBUX put in window
TIMER random value
#$C0 divide by 6
DIVR
#5
DIVR divide..
RNDOV ..a..
DIVR . . digit
DIVR
RNDLP
die 0-5
die 1-6
TABLE, X segment
FLAG which die?
PLAY second?
DIE first, save it..
WINDX . .& segment
LIGHT unconditional
WIND0W+1 show die. .
WINDX . . and other
WINDOW one
BUX out of dough?
59
024-5
F0
3D
BEQ
LIGHT . .no bread
0247
8A
18
TXA
CLC
02*4-9
65
42
ADC
DIE add other die
024B
05
45
CMP
POINT get the point?
024D
F0
28
BEQ
WIN . . yup
024F
A6
45
LDX
POINT point=zero. . .
0251
FO
12
BEQ
FIRST . .first roll
0253
C9
07
CMP
#7 seven you lose
0255
DO
2D
BNE
LIGHT ..nope
0257
A5
44
LOSE
LDA
BUX
0259
FO
05
BEQ
LOSX nough dough?
025B
18
F8
CLC
SED decimal add. .
025D
E9
00
SBC
#0 neg one
025F
D8
CLD
0260
20
A9
02
JSR
DOBUX put m window
0263
DO
IF
BNE
LIGHT unconditional
0265
A6
46
FIRST
LDX
WINDOW copy point
0267
86
48
STX
WIND0W+2
0269
A6
47
LDX
WIND0W+1
026B
86
49
STX
WINDOW+3
026D
85
45
STA
POINT
026F
AA
TAX
4 point value
0270
BD
C6
02
LDA
r^B-2,X 'win' table
0273
FO
OF
BEQ
LIGHT ..says point
0275
30
EO
BMI
LOSE . . says craps
0277
A5
44
WIN
LDA
BUX . . says win
0279
C9
99
CMP
#$99 maximum bucks?
027B
FO
04
BEQ
WINX yes, skip add
027D
F8
SED
decimally add. .
027E
69
01
ADC
#1 . . one
0280
D8
CLD
0281
20
A9
02
WINX
JSR
DOBUX make segments
0284
A5
41
LIGHT
LDA
FLAG still rolling?
0286
FO
04
BEQ
NOINC ..nope;
0288
E6
46
INC
WINDOW ..yup, so..
028A
E6
47
INC
WINDOW+1 ..roll em!
028C
A9
7F
NO INC
LDA
#$7F
028E
8D
41
17
STA
PADD
0291
AO
13
LDY
#$13
0293
A2
05
LDX
#5
0295
B5
46
LITE
LDA
WINDOW, X
0297
8D
40
17
STA
SAD
029A
8C
42
17
STY
SBD
029D
Ec
4F
PAWS
INC
PAUSE
02QF
DO
FC
PAW'?
OPA1
00
Li Hi X
T"YT?V
US,!.
02A3
CA
02A4
10
EF
BPL
LITE
02A6
4C
00
02
JMP
START
02A9
85
44
DOBUX
STA
BUX
02AB
AO
00
LDY
#0
02 AD
84
45
STY
POINT clear point
02AF
84
48
STY
WIND0W+2 ..and..
60
02B1
8^
ho
"7
STY WINDOW+3 disrjlav
02B3
A8
4-A
TAY LSRA
02B5
4a
^A
LSRA LSRA LSRA
02B8
AA
TAX
02B9
BD
E7
IF
LDA TABLE, X
STA WINDOWS
02BC
85
lj<A
02BE
98
TYA
02BF
29
OF
AND #$0F
02C1
AA
TAX
02C2
BD
E7
IF
LDA TABLE, X
02C5
85
^B
STA WIND0W+5
02C?
60
RTS
02C8
FF
FF
00 00 00
01 00 00 00 01 FF (TAB)
HEX DUMP - CRAPS
0200-
D8
20
40
IF
20
6A
T
C5
40
FO
79
85
40
49
15
85
0210-
41
C9
06
DO
05
A9
iJ
20
A9
02
AD
04
17
A2
CO
86
0220-
4E
A2
05
C5
4E
90
02
E5
4E
46
4E
CA
10
F5
AA
E8
0230-
BD
E7
IF
A4
41
FO
06
86
42
85
43
DO
47
85
47
A5
0240-
43
85
46
A5
44
FO
3D
8A
18
65
42
C5
45
FO
28
A6
0250-
&
FO
12
C9
07
DO
2D
A5
44
FO
05
18
F8
E9
00
D8
0260-
20
A9
02
DO
IF
A6
46
86
48
A6
47
86
49
85
45
AA
0270-
BD
C6
02
FO
OF
30
EO
A5
44
C9
99
FO
04
F8
69
01
0280-
D8
20
A9
02
A5
41
FO
04
E6
46
E6
47
A9
7F
8D
41
0290-
17
AO
13
A2
05
B5
46
8D
40
17
8C
42
17
E6
4F
DO
02A0-
FC
88
88
CA
10
EF
4C
00
02
85
44
AO
00
84
45
84
02B0-
48
84
49
A8
4A
4A
4A
4A
AA
BD
E7
IF
85
4A
98
29
02C0-
OF
AA
BD
E7
IF
85
4B
60
FF
FF
00
00
00
01
00
00
02D0- 00 01 FF
Coding notes: CRAPS is a highly top-down program.
The program always flows from START to LIGHT and
back again with few breaks in sequence . The dice
are randomized from TIMER (1704) and RNDLP contains
a small division routine, dividing by 6; the
remainder, randomly 0 to 5, gives the roll of
one die. On the first roll of a run, we use
the table at 02 C8 to analyze the total: in this
table, FF means you lose and 01 means you win.
FLAG is zero if you're not pushing any button.
Segments for the display are stored in table
WINDOW, 0046 to 004B.
61
BY STAN OCKERS
DESCRIPTION -
THIS IS A GAME FOR TWO PLAYERS. WHEN THE PROGRAM IS
STARTED AT 0200, EACH PLAYER IS GIVEN TEN POINTS AS INDICATED
ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE DISPLAY. THE CENTER DIGITS WILL
BE BLANK. AFTER A RANDOM DELAY, THE CENTER DIGITS WILL LIGHT.
THE FIRST PLAYER TO PRESS HIS KEY WILL INCREASE HIS SCORE
BY ONE AND DECREASE HIS OPPONENT'S BY ONE. THE CENTER DIGITS
WILL THEN BLANK FOR ANOTHER RANDOM DELAY. IF A PLAYER
PRESSES HIS KEY WHILE THE CENTER DIGITS ARE BLANK, HIS SCORE
WILL BE DECREASED BY ONE. WHEN ONE PLAYER REACHES ZERO THE
GAME IS OVER AND MUST BE RESTARTED AT 0200. THE PLAYER TO
THE LEFT USES KEY ZERO AND THE ONE ON THE RIGHT USES KEY
SEVEN.
DUEL
0200
A9
1 A
10
i rvA 41 £ i n
TMTTTAI T7C HTPTTC
0202
85
F9
STA U0r9
0204
85
FB
• STA 00 FB
0206
AD
44
17
RAND
LDA 1744
GET "RANDOM" #
0209
29
IF
AND #$1F
NOT TOO BIG
020B
09
01
ORA #$0l
NOT TOf JMALL
020D
85
EE
STA 00EE
PUT IN DECREMENT LOC
020F
A9
00
LDA #$00
BLANK CENTER DIGITS
0211
85
FA
STA 00FA
0213
20
71
02
DISP
JSR LITE
DISPLAY DIGITS
0216
AD
07
17
LDA 1707
TIME UP?
0219
F0
0D
BEQ MORE
NO
02 IB
A9
FF
LDA #$FF
02 ID
8D
07
17
STA 1707
START TIMER
0220
C6
EE
DEC 00EE
FULL TIME UP?
0222
10
04
BPL MORE
NO, SKIP
0224
A9
36
LDA #$36
YES, CHANGE ..
0226
85
FA
STA 00 FA
CENTER DIGITS
0228
D8
MORE
CLD
CLEAR FOR KEYBOARD
0229
20
40
IF
JSR KEYIN
INIT. KEYBOARD
022C
20
6A
IF
JSR GET KEY
KEY DEPRESSED?
022F
C9
15
CMP #$15
VALID KEY?
0231
10
E0
BPL DISP
NO
0233
C9
07
CMP #$07
RIGHT KEY?
0235
F0
0E
BEQ RITE
YES
0237
C9
00
CMP #$00
LEFT KEY?
0239
F0
02
BEQ LEFT
YES
02 3B
DO
D6
BNE DISP
NOT A 0 OR A 7
02 3D
A2
02
LEFT
LDX 5I$02
INDEX FOR LEFT
023F
A5
EE
LDA 00EE
TIME UP?
0241
10
14
BPL LOSl
NO DECREASE LEFT ONE
0243
30
06
BMI ADDl
YES, INCREASE LEFT
0245
A2
00
RITE
LDX #$00
INDEX FOR RIGHT
0247
A5
EE
LDA 00 EE
CHECK TIME
0249
10
0C
BPL LOSl
NOPE, NOT YET
62
024B
F8
ADD1
SED
024C
18
CLC
INCREASE SCORE ..
024D
B5
F9
LDA 00F9,X
BY ONE
024F
69
01
ADC #$01
0251
95
F9
STA O0F9,X
0253
8A
TXA
INDEX TO OTHER . .
0254
49
02
EOR #$02
SIDE
0256
AA
TAX
0257
F8
LOS1
SED
DECREASE SCORE ..
0258
38
SEC
BY ONE
0259
B5
F9
LDA O0F9,X
025B
E9
01
SBC #$01
025D
95
F9
STA 00F9,X
025F
FO
OA
BEQ FIN
GO TO FIN IF ZERO
0261
20
71
02
WAIT
JSR LITE
WAIT FOR SWITCH ..
0264
20
40
IF
JSR KEYIN
TO BE RELEASED
0267
DO
F8
BNE WAIT
0269
FO
9B
BEQ RAND
THEN START NEW DELAY
026B
20
71
02
FIN
JSR LITE
FINISHED LOOP
026E
B8
CLV
026F
50
FA
BVC FIN
UNCOND. JUMP
DISPLAY SUBROUTINE
0271
A9
7F
LITE
LDA #$7F
0273
8D 41
17
STA SADD
0276
A2
09
LDX #$09
INIT. DIGIT ft
0278
A5
FB
LDA OOFB
02 7A
20
8B
02
JSR 2HEX
02 7D
A5
FA
LDA OOFA
GET CENTER DIGITS
02 7F
20
4E
IF
JSR CONVX
CONVERT NONHEX CHAR.
0282
20
4E
IF
JSR CONVX
TWO OF THEM
0285
A5
F9
LDA 00 F9
0287
20
8B
02
JSR 2HEX
02 8A
60
RTS
HEX
CHARACTER CONVERSION SUBROUTINE «*»oc
02 8B
A8
2HEX
TAY
028C
4A
LSR A
SUBROUTINE TO CONVERT
02 8D
4A
LSR A
ONE WORD TO 2 HEX
02 8E
4A
LSR A
CHARACTERS
028F
4A
LSR A
0290
FO
OA
BEQ ZBLK
0292
20
48
IF
JSR CONVD
0295
98
2NDC
TYA
SECOND CHARACTER
0296
29
OF
AND #$0F
0298
20
48
IF
JSR CONVD
029B
60
RTS
029C
A9
80
ZBLK
LDA #$80
BLANK LEADING ZEROS
029E
84
FC
STY 00 FC
02 AO
20
4E
IF
JSR CONVX
CONVERT NONHEX CHAR.
02A3
B8
CLV
02A4
50
EF
BVC 2NDC
UNCOND. JUMP
63
FARMER BROWN
by Jim Butterf ield
You are farmer Brown. You are growing a beautiful crop of corn
But the following animals try to come and steal your corn:
Ant Bird Cow Dog Elephant Fox
As soon as you see one of these animals coming for your corn,
you can scare it away by calling its name. Press the button
with the first letter of the animal's name. So you would
press A to shoo away an ant, B to shoo away a bird, and so on. *
If you press the right button, the animal will go back. If you
press the wrong button, it will think you mean somebody else
and keep coming for your corn. And when all your corn is gone,
KIM will show 000 and the game is* over.
The animal won't "shoo" unless it has completely entered the
display. Speed of the animals can be adjusted by changing the
contents of location 026A.
-»
0200
A2
OD
START
LDX
#$13
0202
86
6E
STX
CORN
bushels of corn to start
020U
A9
00
IDA
#0
clear the window
0206
95
60
SLOOP
STA
WINDOW, X
0208
CA
DEX
0209
10
FB
BPL
SLOOP
020B
A2
OB
TEST
LDX
#11
is window empty?
020D
BS
60
TLOOP
IDA
WINDCW,X
020F
DO
3B
BN5
CONTIN
no, keep going
0211
CA
DEX
0212
10
F9
BPL
TLOOP
02H|
E6
6D
INC
GOT
yes. make new animal
0216
f6
6C
LDA
FLAG
0218
F0
09
BEQ
MORE
did last animal get in?
02 1A
C6
6D
DEC
GOT
02 1C
C6
6E
DEC
CORN
take away some corn
021E
DO
03
BNE
MORE
any left?
0220
UC
25
19
JMP
DONE
no, end of game
0223
AD
oU
17 MORE
LDA
TIMER
random value. .
0226
hk
kk
hk
LSRA LSRA LSRA ..to generate..
0229
hk
kk
LSRA LSRA
..new random animal
022B
C9
06
CMP #6
6 types of animal
022 D
90
02
BCC
MAKE
022F
29
03
AND #$03
0231
18
MAKE
CLC
0232
AA
TAX
animal type to X
0233
69
OA
ADC #$0A
key type A to F
64
|^
Al?
or
QTA
A )r 0,9
TnA
INDEX, X
animal 'picture' address
op
70,
QTA
OlA
P0INL
to indirect pointer
A Q
Ay
vie.
t ha
LDA
#2
Oo^
ft£
oj?
71
STA
P0INH
02U0
AO
05
LDY
#5 six locations to move ^
02U2
Bl
70
A LOOP LDA
(P0INL),Y from 'picture'
02UU
99
66 00
STA
WINGS, Y
..to 'wings'
02U7
88
DEY
02U8
10
F8
BPL
AL00P
02UA
8U
6C
STY
FLAG
flag FF ■ animal coming
02UC
A2
05
C0NTIN LDX
#5
test:
02UE
B5
66
CL00P LDA
WINGS ,X
is animal out of 'wings'?
0250
DO
13
BNE
N0KEY
no, ignore keyboard
CA
DEX
0253
10
F9
BPL
CL00P
0255
1 A IT?
U0 lr
Ton
JSR
KEYIN
nor' Q
OA
20
£~ h IT?
OA IF
JSR
GET KEY
025B
AC*
At?
6F
CMP
KEY
right anim al named?
025 D
DO
06
BNE
N0KEY
no, ignore key
025 F
A5
6C
T T\A
LDA
FLAG
ao£t
O^Ol
1 A
10
AO
02
B-rli
N0KEY •
animal retreating?
aoAo
ttA
TTiTA
1NU
FLAG
make animal retreat
UaO?
PA
70
f 2
DELAY
wait a while..
noA7
Tin
TIT
T3MTT
NOMOVE
before moving animal
AQ
on
#$20
speed control value
Uao£>
05
70
72
nm A
olA
DELAY
AOAr>
A5
An
T*nA
IilJA
FLAG
move animal - which way?
ao At?
02 Or
30
AT*
UD
BMI
COMING
..left
0271
A2
OA
LDX
#10
..right
0273
B5
5A
RL00P LDA
WIND0W-6.X
0275
At'
95
5B
STA
WINDOW-5.X
0277
CA
DEX
0278
DO
F9
BNE
RLOOP
027A
86
5A
STX
WINDCW-6
clear extreme left
027c
FO
09
BEQ
NOMOVE
unconditional branch
027E
A2
F0
COMING LDX
#$F0
-16
0280
b5
6c
CML00P LDA
WINDOW +12, X
0282
95
/* n
6B
STA
WINDOW +11, X
02 8U
E8
INX
0255
30
F9
.BMI
CMLOOP
0287
A9
7F
N0M0VE LDA
#$7F
light KIM display
0289
8D
Ul 17
STA
PADD
028C
AO
13
LDY
#$13
02 8E
A2
05
LDX
#5
six display digits
0290
b5
60
LITE LDA
WIND0W,X
0292
8D
Uo 17
STA
SAD
029$
8C
U2 17
STY
SBD
0298
E6
73
LITEX INC
WAIT
02 9A
DO
FC
BNE
LITEX
029C
88
88 CA
DEY
DEY DEX
02 9F
10
EF
BPL
LITE
r>9Ai
U<:AX
Uc
0B 02
JMP
TEST
j index and animal
•pictures ' in hexadecimal form
02AU
AA B0 B6 BC C2 C8
08 00 00
00 00 00 01 61 61 Uo 00 00
02B6
61 51 hi 01 00 00
63 58 UE 00 00 00 71 ID Ul IF 01 00
02C8
63 58 Uc Uo 00 00
0
FARMER BROWN....
Exercises :
1. You can see that each animal occupies 6 memory locations,
starting at 02AA (the Ant) - and the last location must always
be zero. Can you make up your own animals? The letters may
not fit exactly, but you can always invent names or use
odd ones (you could make an Aardvark, a Burfle, a Cobra, and
so on).
2. The game might be more fun if the animals went faster after
a while, so that sooner or later they would just zip by.
The location that controls speed is at address 026A;
the lower the number, the faster the animals will go.
So if you could arrange to have the program decrease
this number automatically once in a while, you'd get
a nice speed-up feature.
3. You can't "shoo" the animal until it's completely entered
the display; but you can still catch it after it's partly
left. The game would be harder - and maybe more fun -
if you could only shoo it while it was completely in the
display. Hint - testing location OC$F (WINDOW-l) would ^
tell you if an animal was on its way out. -»--
k* You'd have a "Target Practice" game if you made the animal
disappear (instead of backing up) when you pressed the
right button. With a little planning, you'll find that
this is quite easy to do.
}««::::: HEX DUMP - FARMER BROWN xkx**
0200-
A2
0D
86
6E
A9
00
95
60
CA
10
FB
A2
0B
B5
60
D0
0210-
3B
CA
10
F9
E6
6D
A5
6C
F0
09
C6
6D
C6
6E
D0
03
0220-
4C
25
19
AD
04
17
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
C9
06
90
02
29
0230-
03
16
AA
69
0A
85
6F
BD
A4
02
85
70
A9
02
85
71
0240-
A0
05
Bl
70
99
66
00
88
10
F8
84
6C
A2
05
B5
66
0250-
D0
1 3
CA
10
F9
20
40
IF
20
6A
IF
C5
6F
D0
06
A5
0260-
6C
10
02
E6
6C
C6
72
D0
IE
A9
20
85
72
A5
6C
30
0270-
0D
A2
0A
B5
5A
95
5B
CA
D0
F9
86
5A
F0
09
A2
F0
0280-
B5
6C
95
6B
E8
30
F9
A9
7F
8D
41
17
A0
13
A2
05
0290-
B5
60
8D
40
17
8C
42
17
E6
73
D0
FC
88
88
CA
10
02A0-
EF
4C
0B
02
AA
B0
B6
BC
C2
C8
08
00
00
00
00
00
02B0-
01
61
61
40
00
00
61
51
47
01
00
00
63
58
4E
00
02C0-
00
00
71
ID
41
IF
01
00
63
58
4C
40
00
00
66
HI; 10
DESCRIPTION -
AN EASY GAME FOR ONE OR MORE PLAYERS. KIM CHOOSES A J|
SECRET NUMBER FROM 01 TO 98. AT THE START, THE FIRST FOUR
DIGITS SHOW THE HIGH AND LOW BOUNDS OF THE NUMBER - 99 HIGH
AND 00 LOW. AS GUESSES ARE ENTERED - ENTER THE GUESS AND
PRESS A FOR ATTEMPT - THE BOUNDS CHANGE AS YOU ARE NARROWING
DOWN THE POSSIBILITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, GUESS 32 AND THE DISPLAY
MIGHT CHANGE TO 32 00, MEANING THAT THE COMPUTER'S SECRET
NUMBER IS BETWEEN THESE VALUES. AFTER EACH LEGAL GUESS,
THE COMPUTER SHOWS THE NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS MADE SO FAR.
ONE PLAYER GAME: TRY TO GET THE MYSTERY NUMBER IN SIX ATTEMPTS.
MULT I PLAYER GAME: EACH PLAYER TRIES TO AVOID GUESSING THE
MYSTERY NUMBER - THE CORRECT GUESSER LOSES AND IS "OUT".
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
0200
F8
START
SED
0201
A5
EO
TOP
LDA
RND generate random
0203
38
SEC
01 to 98
0204
69
00
ADC
#0
0206
A2
01
LDX
#1 overflow at 99
0208
C9
99
CMP
#$99
020A
DO
01
BNE
OVRO
020C
8A
TXA
020D
85
EO
OVRO
STA
RND
020F
20
40
IF
JSR
KEYIN
0212
DO
ED
BNE
TOP
0214
D8
CLD
initialize:
0215
A9
99
LDA
#$99 hi
0217
85
FB
STA
POINTH
0219
A9
00
LDA
#0
021B
85
FA
STA
POINTL and lo
02 ID
A2
AO
RSET
LDX
#$A0 guess counter
021F
86
F9
NSET
STX
INH
0221
86
El
STX
NGUESS
0223
20
IF
IF
GUESS
JSR
SCANDS light display
0226
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY test key
0229
C9
13
CMP
#$13 go key?
022B
F0
D3
BEQ
START
022D
C5
E2
CMP
LAST
022F
F0
F2
BEQ
GUESS same key?
0231
85
E2
STA
LAST
67
U^J J
f)A
KJn
PMP
It 9Un
'A' kpv^
UZJ j
r U
x u
■p\T&T
yco / cvaiUdut:
run
U Z J /
Rfl
r>U
fiA
BL£>
nu k ey r
Uft
ACT
A
A
roil criaL ac tet
Uz JA
UA
ACT
A
A
• • 1 nto. •
U Z on
UA
ACT
A
A
pus 1 u iun« •
n o "3 c
UA
ACT
A
U Z JU
AZ
U 5
T V
LiUA
ff -3
Uz JF
f\ A
UA
LOOP
ACT
ASL
A
• • then
UZ4U
ZO
F9
ROL
INH
• • into
Uz4z^
LA
DEX
. . a 1 spiay
Ui4 j
1 U
FA
DDT
BPL
t ood
LOOP
U z4 i>
JU
DL.
mm T
an I
n o /i "7
U Z 4 /
A ^
r y
LiDA
T K1U
guess xower • •
U Z ^ y
15
• • c n an nuiiiDer .
U ZtD
q n
y u
u 0
DLL
UVKl
xt a e pi/ 1 **\
yes f sk ip
U Z *i 1J
r 0
PUT)
n o at?
u z i r
ou
uz
DCS
1 1 /-n f r anna?
qui 01. L an^c ;
U Z J J.
Q G.
O J
cm A
O 1 A
DO T KITH
do ^ 7
U/J J
nx/p i
t ny
JbL/A
t\viU
numKor 1 nuor
1 1 UlllLJ L 1UWCL • •
U Z . J D
r y
PDY
L-.fA
TMH
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fhsn nnocc?
• • cnctn y ucoo .
n o ^ 7
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UVKZ
yes r SKip
nocn
UZ j j
A &
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r a
T P\ V
nc/fcnecK xo
U Z 3D
Hit
r y
UFA
T MU
U Z D1J
n n
ou
BLb
/"■TTT? O C
ouc ot range.
UZ5F
8 5
FA
STA
T^/"\ TUT m T
POINTL
0261
A6
El
OVR2
LDX
NGUESS
'guess ' number
0263
E8
INX
. .p] us 1
0264
E0
AA
CPX
#$AA
past limit?
0266
FO
B5
BEQ
RSET
yes, reset
0268
DO
B5
BNE
NSET
HEx DUMP - HI LO
0200
F8 A5
E0
38
69
00
A2
01
C9
99
DO
01
8A 85
E0
20
0210
40
IF
DO
ED
D8
A9
99
85
FB
A9
00
85
FA A2
AO
86
0220
F9
86
El
20
IF
IF
20
6A
IF
C9
13
F0
D3 C5
E2
F0
0230
F2
85
E2
C9
OA
F0
10
B0
EA OA OA OA OA A2
03
OA
0240
26
F9
CA
10
FA
30
DC
A5
F9
C5
E0
90
06 C5
FB
B0
0250
D2
85
FB
A6
E0
E4
F9
90
08
A6
FA
E<+
F9 B0
C4
85
0260
FA
A6
El
E8
E0
AA
F0
B5
DO
B5
68
HORSERACE
BY CHUCK EATON
DESCRIPTION -
THIS IS AN EIGHT LAP HORSE RACE AND YOU CAN BE THE
JOCKEY AND WHIP YOUR HORSE TO GO FASTER. WARNING ... WHIP
THE HORSE TOO MUCH AND HE PROBABLY POOPS OUT. THE PROGRAM
STARTS AT 0200.
HORSE TRACK WHIPPING BUTTON
PRINCE CHARMING TOP PC
COLORADO COWBOY MIDDLE C
IRISH RAIR BOTTOM 4
0200
D8
CLD
...INITIALIZATION...
0201
A2
13
LDX #$13
0203
BD
D9
02
INIT
LDA 02D9,X
HORSES TO STARTING GATE
0206
95
7C
STA 007C,X
0208
CA
DEX
0209
10
F8
BPL INIT
020B
A9
7F
DISP
LDA #$7F
...LIGHT DISPLAY...
020D
8D
41
17
STA 1741
0210
AO
00
LDY #$00
0212
A2
09
LDX #$09
0214
B9
7C
00
LITE
LDA 007C,Y
0217
84
FC
STY 00FC
0219
20
4E
IF
JSR 1F4E
OUTPUT DIGIT
021C
C8
INY
021D
CO
06
CPY #$06
SIX DIGITS DISPLAYED?
021F
90
F3
BCC LITE
NOT YET
0221
20
3D
IF
JSR 1F3D
TURN OFF DIGITS
0224
A5
8F
LDA LAP CNT. FINISHED TOTAL LAPS?
0226
30
E3
BMI DISP
YES, FREEZE DISPLAY
0228
A2
03
LDX #$03
022A
CA
NEXT
DEX
NEXT HORSE
022B
30
DE
BMI DISP
FINISHED 3 HORSES
022D
D6
86
DEC 0086, X
DEC. CNT., HORSE X
022F
DO
F9
BNE NEXT
NOT ZERO, NEXT HORSE
0231
86
99
STX 0099
SAVE HORE INDEX
0233
A4
99
LDY 0099
AND PUT IN Y AS INDEX
0235
B6
83
LDX 0083, Y
DIGIT POS. OF HORSE IN X
0237
B9
ED
02
LDA 02ED,Y
MASK TO REMOVE HORSE
023A
35
7C
AND 007C,X
GET RID OF HORSE
023C
95
7C
STA 007C,X
RETURN REMAINING HORSES
023E
E8
INX
GO TO NEXT DIGIT RIGHT
023F
96
83
STX 0083, Y
UPDATE HORSE DIGIT POS.
Q241
B9
ED
02
LDA 02ED,Y
GET MASK
0244
49
FF
EOR #$FF
CHANGE TO AN INSERT MASK
0246
15
7C
ORA 007C,X
PUT HORSE IN NEXT
0248
95
7C
STA 007C,X
CPX #$05
DIGIT RIGHT
024A
E0
05
REACHED RIGHT SIDE?
024C
30
2B
BMI POOP
NOT YET
024E
DO
06
BNE NLAP
OFF RIGHT SIDE, CHANGE LAP
0250
A5
8F
LDA 00 8F
CHECK LAP COUNTER
0252
F0
IB
BEQ LAST
IF ZERO, LAST LAP
0254
DO
23
BNE POOP
69
0256
A2
02
NLAP
LDX
#$02
...CHANGE TO A NEW LAP
no c Q
7Q
JO
DOWN
SEC
SHIFT ALL HORSE DIGIT
D C
83
1 Pv A
LDA
nn 0 1 v
00o3,X
nine.
fwOb
POSITIONS SIX PLACES
no cd
FO
ty
uo
rnr
bbl
DOWN. . .
no rn
025D
n r
95
O 1
83
STA
0083,X
025F
CA
DEX
0260
10
F6
BPL
DOWN
0262
A2
06
LDX
#$06
0264
B5
7C
STOR
LDA
007C,X
...ALSO SHIFT DIGIT
0266
95
76
STA
0076, X
CONTENT\ INTO S TO RAGE
0268
A9
80
LDA
#$80
AREA AND CLEAR DISPLAY
n o C A
026A
95
7C
STA
007C,X
AREA. . .
026C
CA
DEX
026D
DO
F5
BNE
STOR
026F
C6
8F
LAST
DEC
008F
DEC. LAP COUNTER ,
0271
DO
06
BNE
POOP
NOT LAST LAP, CONTINUE
0273
A5
O 1
81
LDA
0081
LAST LAP, PUT FINISH
0275
09
06
ORA
#$06
LINE IN LAST DIGIT
A O "7 "7
0277
85
O 1
ol
STA
0081
no "7fi
DA
B9
on
00
rOOP
LDA
0089, Y
HORSE Y POOP FLAG
U2/L
rO
n a
OA
BEQ
NOPO
HORSE NOT POOPED
r» o "7r-
027E
20
C5
02
«JSR
RAND
. . .POOPED, BUT MAY
A O O 1
02oi
29
3C
AND
#$3C
BECOME UNPOOPED DEPENDING
0283
DO
1A
BNE
FAST
ON RANDOM NUMBER
0285
99
89
00
STA
0089,Y
02oe
20
C5
02
NOPO
JSR
RAND
...NOT POOPED, BUT MAY
02oB
on
29
3o
AND
#$38
BECOME POOPED DEPENDING
O c
85
n a
9A
STA
009A
ON RANDOM NUMBER. . .
no 8F
uzor
RQ
or
UU
LDA
UUoL, Y
UU
RMT
FACT
TO 1
Ut J T
9Q
o
AMH
J? vj>o
ft;
QA
yM
Lrir
uuyA
Uj
Rf~C
FACT
TAD 1
AQ
FF
rr
ucff
Ir rUUrtU, ot 1 rUUr
noar
QQ
yy
fiQ
sy
UU
CTA
o IA
nn Qn v
UUoy, Y
rLAd 10 rr
029F
2Q
3D
IF
FAST
JSR
KEY IN
GET KEY FROM KEYBOARD
02A2
AO
FF
LDY
#$FF
INIT. Y TO MAX
02A*f
A6
99
LDX
0099
HORSE INDEX IN X
02A6
3D
F0
02
AND
02F0,X
MASK (IS HORSE WHIPPED?)
02A9
F0
01
BEQ
SKIP
NO, NOT BEING WHIPPED
02AB
88
DEY
WHIPPED, Y MADE SMALLER
02 AC
98
SKIP
TYA
..CHANGE SIGN IF POOPED
02 AD
55
89
EOR
0089, X
EXC. OR WITH 00 OR FF
02AF
85
9A
STA
009A
SAVE SPEED UPDATE
02B1
20
C5
02
JSR
RAND
GET A RANDOM NUMBER
Q2B4
38
SEC
02B5
29
01
AND
#$01
..LOWEST BIT OF #
02B7
65
9A
ADC
009A
COMBINE WHIP UPDATE,
02B9
18
CLC
RAND # CO OR 1) & CARRY
02BA
A6
99
LDX
0099
HORSE INDEX IN X
02BC
75
8C
ADC
008C,X
HORSES SPEED ADDED IN
02BE
95
8C
STA
008C,X
SAVE NEW SPEED
02C0
95
86
STA
0086, X
ALSO IN WINDOW COUNTER
02C2
hC
2A
02
JMP
NEXT
LOOP
70
w
kjssoc RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE
02C5
38
RAND
SEC
02C6
A5
92
LDA 0092
FROM J. BUTTERFIELD
02C8
65
95
ADC 0095
KIM USER NOTES 55 1
02CA
65
96
ADC 0096
PAGE 4
02CC
85
91
STA 0091
02CE
A2
04
LDX #$04
Q2D0
B5
91 MOVE
LDA 0091, X
02D2
95
92
STA 0092,X
02D4
CA
DEX
02D5
10
F9
BPL MOVE
02D7
60
RTS
""""" TABLES - HORSERACE
02D8- 00/80/80/80/80/80/80/80
02E0- FF/FF/FF/80/80/80/00/00/00/80/80/80/08/FE/BF/F7 *
02F0- 01/02/04
""""" HEX DUMP - HORSERACE
0200
D8
A2
13
BD
D9
02
95
7C
CA
10
F8
A9
7F
8D
41
17
0210
AO
00
A2
09
B9
7C
00
84
FC
20
4E
IF
C8
CO
06
90
0220
F3
20
3D
IF
A5
8F
30
E3
A2
03
CA
30
DE
D6
86
DO
0230
F9
86
99
A4 99
B6
83
B9
ED
02
35
7C
95
7C
E8
96
0240
83
B9
ED
02
49
FF
15
7C
95
7C
EO
05
30
2B
DO
06
0250
A5
8F
F0
IB
DO
23
A2
02
38
B5
83
E9
06
95
83
CA
0260
10
F6
A2
06
B5
7C
95
76 A9
80
95
7C
CA
DO
F5
C6
0270
8F
DO
06
A5
81
09
06
85
81
B9
89
00
FO
OA
20
C5
0280
02
29
3C
DO
1A
99
89
00
20
C5
02
29
38
85
9A B9
0290
8C
00
30
0B
29
38
C5
9A BO
05
A9
FF
99
89
00
20
02 AO
3D
IF
AO
FF A6
99
3D
FO
02
FO
01
88
98
55
89
85
02B0
9A
20
C5
02
38
29
01
65
9A
18
A6
99
75
8C
95
8C
02C0
95
86
4C
2A
02
38
A5
92
65
95
65
96
85
91
A2
04
02D0
B5
91
95
92
CA
10
F9
60
00
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
02E0
FF
FF
FF
80
80
80
00
00
00
80
80
80
08
FE
BF
F7
02F0
01
02
04
71
k£y train
By Jia Butterfi«ld
Ever wish you could touch-type your KIM keypad like some people
can type? It's not hard; all you need is practice. And what
better teacher to drill you on key entry than the KIM system itself?
Load this fully relocatable program anywhere. Start it up, and
the display will show a random hexadecimal digit, {Worn 0 to F.
Hit the corresponding key, and the display will blank, and then
present you with another random digit. Hit the wrong key, and
nothing will happen.
The educational principle involved is called positive reinforcem^ht.
That is, you're rewarded for doing the right thing, and ignored if
you do it wrong. A few minutes of practice a day. and you'll become
a speed
demon on the keyboard.'
0000
20
hO IF START
JSR KEYIN
0003
DO
FB
BNE START
key still depressed - blank
0005
AD
Oh 17
LDA TIMER
random value
0008
hk
UA
LSRA LSRA
wipe high order bits"
000A
hk
UA
LSRA LSRA
OOOC
85
FF
STA TEMP
save the digit
000E
OA
OA
AS LA AS LA
move back left
0010
OA
OA
ASLA ASLA
0012
05
FF
ORA TEMP
repeat the digit
001U
85
F9
STA INH
put. .
0016
85
FA
STA POINTL
..into..
0018
85
FB
STA POINTH
. .display
001A
20
IF IF LIGHT
JSR SGANDS
light display
001D
20
6A IF
JSR GET KEY
test keys
0020
C5
FF
CMP TEMP
right key?
0022
FO
DC
BEQ START
yes, blank & rpeat
002U
DO
FU
BNE LIGHT
The random number used in this program is taken from the KIM timer.
This timer runs continuously and might be anywhere between 00 and FF
at the instant we push the button. We use the four left hand (high order'
bits of the timer to produce the next digit.
Be sure that KIM is not in decimal mode when you run this urogram -
set address 00F1 to 00 before starting. If you forget, you might
find that the alphabetic keys (A to F) don't work right.
Exercises : can you make the program clear decimal mode automatically?
How about a counter to record the number of correct keystrokes you
have made? That way, you could time yourself to see how many keys
you can get right in 60 seconds. The count could be shown in the
two right hand digits of the display. Do you think it should be
in decimal or hexadecimal?
72
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Here's a jumbo NIM that's good for all skill levels.
Why? Because KIM matches wits with you - literally.
Play a duffer's game and KIM will make lots of errors,
too. Start winning a few - and KIM will move up to
the master player level.
Hit GO and several digits on the KIM display will light.
Each lit digit represents a pile of objects you can
pick from. Decide which pile you wantl^and enter
its identity: A for the left-hand pile through to
F for the right-hand pile. The pile fcrou have selected
will start to flash on and off. Now enter the number
of items you want to take from that pile.
KIM will take its turn the same way - you'll see
the pile selected begin to flash, and then some
items will be taken away. After the computer moves,
it's your turn again.
The winner is the player who takes the last object.
When this happens, KIM will identify the winner.
A new game can be started at any time by^ hitting GO.
0200
20
40
IF
START
JSR KEYIN
directional regs
0203
20
6A
IF
JSR GETKEY
0206
C9
13
CMP #$13
GO key?
0208
DO
3A
BNE N0G0
nope, skip
020A
AD
04
17
LDA TIMER
get random nbr
020D
A2
02
LDX #2
split into 3
020F
A8
SPLIT
TAY
save A
0210
29
07
AND #7
extract 3 bits
0212
F0
03
BEQ ZINCH
unless zero . .
0214
18
CLC
. . add two
0215
69
02
ADC #2
0217
95
04
ZINCH
STA VALUE,
X store pile val
0219
98
TYA
bring back rand
021A
4A
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
LSRA
021D
CA
DEX
021E
10
EF
BPL SPLIT
0220
20
40
IF
STALL
JSR KEYIN
wait for. .
0223
DO
FB
BNE STALL
. . key release
0225
AD
04
17
LDA TIMER
new random nbr
0228
A2
02
LDX #2
split 3 ways
022A
A8
SPLAT
TAY
again
022B
29
07
AND #7
3 bits
022D
95
07
STA VALUE+3 , X
022F
98
TYA
0230
4A
4A
4 A
LSRA LSRA
LSRA
0233
CA
DEX
0234
10
F4
BPL SPLAT
0236
85
01
STA PILE
pile zero
0238
^5
02
STA MOVE
it's your move
023A
A2
06
LDX #6
for each pile. .
f
KIM NIM
73
023C B5
03
DRESS
LDA
VALUE -
1 ,X . . change to
023E 20
2D
03
JSR
SEG
. .segments
024-1 CA
DEX
0242 DO
F8
BNE
DRESS
0244 A6
02
NOGO
LDX
MOVE
whose move?
024-6 DO
3D
BNE
NOKEY
computer's, skip
0243 C9
10
CMP
#$10
hex digit keyed?
024A BO
39
BCS
NOKEY
no, skip
024C G9
00
CMP
#0
zero key?
024E FO
35
BEQ
NOKEY
yes, skip
0250 C9
OA
CMP
#$0A
alphabetic?
0252 90
12
BCC
NUM
no, numeric
0254. 33
SEC
#9
change A-F. . .
0255 E9
09
SBC
. . to 1-6
0257 A6
01
LDX
PILE
pile already. .
0259 DO
2A
BNE
NOKEY
. . selecljpd?
025B AA
TAX
025c B5
OA
LDA
FLASHR , X w
025E FO
25
BEQ
NOKEY
nothing in pile?
0260 36
01
STX
PILE
OK, mark pile
0262 85
OA
STA
FLASHR
store flash code
0264- BO
IF
BCS
NOKEY
unconditional
0266 A6
01
NUM
LDX
PILE
0268 FO
IB
BEQ
NOKEY
no pile selected
026A 85
03
STA
TEMP
save number
026C B5
03
LDA
VALUE-
1,X pile value
026E 05
03
CMP
TEMP
pile big enough?
0270 90
13
BCC
NOKEY
nope
0272 E5
03
SBC
TEMP
yes, take out
0274- 20
2D
03
JSR
SEG
compute segments
0277 E6
02
INC
MOVE
computer's move
0279 20
16
03
JSR
SURVEY
end of game?
027C DO
07
BNE
NOKEY
no, keep going
027E 20
05
03
JSR
MESSAG
yes, show messg
0231 35
OB
STA
WINDOW
' ' I LOSE * '
0233 4-6
00
LSR
IQ
get smart!
; all
routines join here - display
0235 A6 01
NOKEY
LDX
PILE
0237 A5
OA
LDA
FLASHR
flash pile
0239 55
OA
EOR
FLASHR, X
023B 95
OA
STA
FLASHR
,x
028D A9
7F
LDA
#$7F
023F 3D
4-1
17
STA
PADD
0292 AO
13
LIGHT
LDY
#13
0294 A2 05
LDX
#5
0296 B5
OB
LITE
LDA
WINDOW, X
0293 3D
40
17
STA
SAD
029B 8C
42
17
STY
SBD
029E E6
11
LI TEX
INC
CUE
02A0 DO
FC
BNE
LITEX
02A2 88
38
DEY
DEY
02A4 CA
DEX
02A5 10
EF
BPL
LITE
02A7 E6
12
INC
WAIT
02A9 DO
E7
BNE
LIGHT
74
02AB
w
A9
F8
LDA
#$F3
02 AD
35
12
STA
WAIT
02AF
A6
02
LDX
MOVE
whose move?
02B1
F0
4E
BEQ
EXIT
not computer's
02E3
GA
DEX
first step?
02B4
DO
2B
BNE
TRY
no, skip stratgy
02B6
A9
00
LDA
#0
02B3
A2
05
LDX
#5
merge all piles..
02BA
55
Ok
MERGE
EOR
VALUE, X ..by EOR-ing them
02BC
CA
DEX
02BD
10
FB
BPL
MERGE
02BF
35
OA
STA
FLASHR
save EOR product
02C1
A2
06
LDX
#6
re-examine piles
02C3
B5
03
LOOP
LDA
VALUE -
l.X
02C5
^5
OA
EOR
FLASHR
I
02C7
D5
03
CMP
VALUE -
02C9
90
05
BCC
FOUND
02CB
CA
DEX
02CG
DO
F5
BNE
LOOP
02CE
FO
OB
BEQ
MOVE
02D0
A4
00
FOUND
LDY
IQ IQ high enuff?
02D2
CC
04
17
CPY
TIMER
. . randomly. .
02D5
BO
04
BCS
MOVE
no, move dumb
02D7
35
03
STA
TEMP
amount
02D9
36
01
STX
PILE
pile number
02DB
A6
01
MOVE
LDX
PILE
02DD
B5
OA
LDA
FLASHR
,X flash mask
02DF
35
OA
STA
FLASHR
Flash. . .
02E1
E6
02
TRY
INC
MOVE
but don*t make
02E3
A5
02
LDA
MOVE
. . the move till. .
02E5
C9
10
CMP
#$10
. . time has passed
02E7
90
13
BCC
EXIT
02E9
A6
01
LDX
PILE
time to move!
02EB
A5
03
LDA
TEMP
02ED
20
2D
03
JSR
SEG
make move
02F0
20
16
03
JSR
SURVEY
end of game?
02F3
DO
06
BNE
KEEP
nope, keep go in
02F5
20
05
03
JSR
MESSAG
•U LOSE'
02F8
38
SEC
dummy up. .
02F9
26
00
ROL
IQ
. . the computer
02FB
A9
00
KEEP
LDA
#0
n ovv\
u c.r u
°5
O IB.
MOVE
it's your move
U C£ £
Cm A
0 In.
PILE
un-f lash
V ju 1
Do
(jLiU
UU
J Mr
START
0305
A9
00
MESSAG
LDA
#0
0307
B5
02
STA
MOVE
end of play
0309
95
01
STA
PILE
no flashing
030B
A2
06
LDX
#6
move 7 digits
030D
BD
3B
03
MLOOP
LDA
DATA , X
pick em up. .
0310
95
OA
STA
FLASHR
,X . . put em down
0312
CA
DEX
0313
10
F8
BPL
MLOOP
0315
60
RTS
75
0316
0313
031A
031C
031E
0320
0322
0324-
0326
0327
0329
032B
032C
A9 00
85 OA
A2 06
D5 03
BO 06
B5 03
85 03
86 01
CA
DO F3
C6 03
A3
6o
SURVEY LDA #0
STA FLASHR un-flash
LDX #6 for all piles.
REVUE CMP VALUE-1,X
BCS SMALL
LDA VALUE -1,X
STA TEMP
STX PILE
SMALL DEX
BNE REVUE
DEC TEMP
TAY test A
RTS
032D 95 03
032F FO 0^
0331 A3
0332 B9 E7 IF
0335 95 OA
0337 A9 oo
0339 6o
SEG
NIL
STA VALUE-l.X store value
BEQ NIL
TAY
LDA TABLE, Y
STA FLASHR, X
LDA #0
RTS
blank digit
segments to wndw
4
033A FF 06 BE 00 B8 BF ED F9
(DATA)
03^2
HEX DUMP - KIM NIM
**********
0200
20
40
IF
20
6A
IF
C9
13
DO
3A
AD
04
17
A2
02
A8
0210
29
07
FO
03
18
69
02
95
04
98
4A
4A
4A
CA
10
EF
0220
20
40
IF
DO
FB
AD
04
17
A2
02
A8
29
07
95
07
98
0230
4A
4A
4A
CA
10
F4
85
01
85
02
A2
06
B5
03
20
2D
0240
03
CA
DO
F8
A6
02
DO
3D
C9
10
BO
39
C9
00
FO
35
0250
C9
OA
90
12
38
E9
09
A6
01
DO
2A
AA
B5
OA
FO
25
0260
86
01
85
OA
BO
IF
A6
01
FO
IB
85
03
B5
03
C5
03
0270
90
13
E5
03
20
2D
03
E6
02
20
16
03
DO
07
20
05
0280
03
85
OB
46
00
A6
01
A5
OA
55
OA
95
OA A9
7F
8D
0290
41
17
AO
13 A2
05
B5
OB
8D
40
17
8C
42
17
E6
11
02 AO
DO
FC
88
88
CA
10
EF
E6
12
DO
E7
A9
F8
85
12
A6
02B0
02
FO
4E
CA
DO
2B
A9
00
A2
05
55
04
CA
10
FB
85
02C0
OA
A2
06
B5
03
45
OA
D5
03
90
05
CA
DO
F5
FO
OB
02D0
A4
00
CC
04
17
BO
04
85
03
86
01
A6
01
B5
OA
85
02E0
OA
E6
02
A5
02
C9
10
90
18
A6
01
A5
03
20
2D
03
02F0
20
16
03
DO
06
20
05
03
38
26
00
A9
00
85
02
85
0300
01
D8
4C
00
02
A9
00
85
02
85
01
A2
06
BD
3B
03
0310
95
OA
CA
10
F8
60
A9
00
85
OA
A2
06
D5
03
BO
06
0 320
B5
03
85
03
86
01
CA
DO
F3
C6
03
A8
60
95
03
FO
0330
04
A8
B9
E7
IF
95
OA A9
00
60
FF
06
BE
00
B8
BF
0340 ED F9
76
KtM- TAC-TOE
BY LEW EDWARDS >
DIRECTIONS -
PLAY BEGINS WITH KIM MAKING THE FIRST PLAY WHEN
"GO" IS PRESSED. THE SECOND THROUGH FOURTH DIGITS OF *
THE DISPLAY HOLD THE PATTERN WITH SQUARES NUMBERED AS:
YOUR ENTRY WILL BE IMMEDIATE BUT 7 8 9
KIM'S ACTION WILL BE DELAYED. YOUR 4 5 6
PLAYS LIGHT STEADILY WHILE KIM'S 1 2 3
FLICKER. A WINNING ROW BLINKS AND A DRAW BLINKS
EVERYTHING. ON COMPLETION OF A GAME, THE "GO" KEY WILL
START A NEW GAME. IF YOU PREFER TO PLAY FIRST, PRESS THE
"+" KEY INSTEAD. THE KIM HAS AN I.Q. LEVEL THAT CAN BE
CHANGED BY PRESSING "PC" AT GAMES END. YOU WILL SEE#
"ODDS" AND KIM'S I.Q. DISPLAYED. THE I.Q. IS INITIALLY
SET TO 75%, COO. CHANGE IT TO WHAT YOU WISH AND THEN
PRESS "DA" TO RETURN TO THE DONE LOOP AND U"ART A rlfew
GAME IN THE NORMAL MANNER. THE I.Q. L£ ADJUSTED UPWARD
EACH TIME THE PLAYER WINS AND DOWNWARD EACH TIME KIM WINS.
THE PROGRAM STARTS AT 0100.
U IUU
4C
10
03
JMP STIQ
JUMP TO START LOCATI
0103
EA
EA
EA
NOP
■s
SUBROUTINE
0106
A9
20
LDA
"$20
BLINK FLAG
0108
15
BF
ORA SQST,X
ADD IT TO THE.. .
010A
95
BF
STA SQST,X
INDEXED BYTE
010C
60
RTS
010D
EA
EA
NOP
S
TABLE ■
- SEGMENTS ZZ""-
010F
08/08/08/40/40/40/01/01/01
ROWS "-""»
0118
01/04/07/01/02/03/01/03
0120
02/05/08/04/05/06/05/05
0128
03/06/09/07/08/09/09/07
""" SUBROUTINE
"GET PLAY"
0130
85
D9
GPLA
STA
TEMP
SAVE THE ACCUMULATOR
0132
A2
09
LDX
"$09
FOR TESTING
0134
A5
D9
GPLP
LDA
TEMP
GET IT BACK
0136
35
DB
AND
PS,X
MASK THE STATUS BYTE
0138
24
D9
BIT
TEMP
CHECK FOR BIT ON
013A
DO
03
BNE
OUT
GOT IT - DONE
013C
CA
DEX
013D
DO
F5
BNE
GPLP
NOPE - KEEP TRYING
013F
60
OUT
RTS
SQUARE VALUE IN X
0 =
NO MATCH
;! SUBROUTINE "TEST AND INCREMENT" s«»!s«
0140
B5
BF
LDA
SS,X
0142
DO
02
BNE
OUT
COUNT OPEN SQUARES
0144
F6
DB
INC
PS,X
ONLY
0146
60
OUT
RTS
77
SUBROUTINE "UPDATE" 5!"""5{
0147
95 BF
UPDA
STA SS,X
FLAG THE SQUARE
0149
AO 08
LDY "$08
014B
A9 00
UPLP
LDA -$00
CLEAR THE REGISTER
014D
99 C8 00
STA RS,Y
0150
BE 17 01
LDX SQ1,Y
THEN LOAD
0153
20 8A 03
JSR RSADD
CURRENT STATUS
0156
BE IF 01
LDX SQ2,Y
VALUES ■»
0159
20 8A 03
JSR RSADD
015C
BE 27 01
LDX SQ3,Y
nice
u ipr
on 8A f!7
ZU On Uj
JSR RSADD
n i f>9
88
00
DEY
met
U ID j
LA) to
BNE UPLP
LOOP TILL DONE
fin
RTS
0200
A9 00
NEW
LDA #$00
0202
A2 ID
LDX #$1D
CLEAR REGISTERS
0204
95 B4
INLP
STA 00B4,X
*
0206
CA
DEX
v
0207
DO FB
BNE INLP
0209
A9 05
LDA #$05
INITALIZE ORDER OF..
020B
85 BB
STA OOBB
NOR* CALCULATED PLAYS
020D
AO 04
LDY #$04
CENTER - FIXED ORDER
020F
20 F2 03
ELP1
JSR RPLA
0212
A2 04
LDX #$04
0214
D5 BB
ELP2
CMP REVN,X
0216
FO F7
BEQ ELP1
0218
CA
DEX
0219
DO F9
BNE ELP2
02 IB
99 BB 00
STA REVN,Y
SIDES IN RANDOM ORDER
02 IE
88
DEY
021F
DO EE
BNE ELP1
0221
E6 B6
INC ODEV
0223
AO 04
LDY #$04
0225
20 F2 03
OLP1
JSR RPLA
0228
A2 05
LDX #$05
022A
D5 B6
OLP2
CMP RODD,X
022C
FO F7
BEQ OLP1
022E
CA
DEX
022F
DO F9
BNE OLP2
0231
99 B6 00
STA RODD, Y
CORNERS- IN RANDOM ORDER
0234
88
DEY
0235
DO EE
BNE OLP1
0237
A9 03
PVAL
LDA #$03
0239
AO 08
TEST
LDY #$08
TEST FOR 3 IN A ROW
02 3B
D9 C8 00
WNLP
CMP ROWS,Y
03=PLAYER WIN/0C=KIM WIN
023E
FO 05
BEQ WIN
GAME WON-BLINK THE ROW
0240
88
DEY
0241
DO F8
BNE WNLP
NOT YET-CK NEXT ROW
0243
FO 15
BEQ DRAW
NO WINNER-CK FOR DRAW
0245
BE 17 01
WIN
LDX SQ1,Y
0248
20 06 01
JSR BLNK
BLINK #1
024B
BE IF 01
LDX SQ2,Y
024E
20 06 01
JSR BLNK
BLINK #2
78
0251
BE 27 01
LDX SQ3,Y
>
0254
20 06 01
JSR BLNK
BLINK #3
0257
4C FE 02
JMP MTST
CHECK THE WINNER
025A
A2 09
DRAW
LDX 5
:$09
025C
A9 CO
OPEN
LDA #$C0
OPEN SQUARE?
025E
35 BF
AND DSPL,X
0260
FO
OE
BEQ
TURN
YES - CONTINUE GAME
0262
CA
DEX
NO - CK NEXT SQUARE
0263
DO
F7
BNE
OPEN
ALL DONE?
0265
A2
09
LDX
#$09
MTV J
0267
20
06 01
NXBL
JSR
BLNK
NO OPEN SQUARES
026A
CA
DEX
IT'S A DRAW
026B
DO
FA
BNE
NXBL
BLINK 'EM ALL
026D
4C
15 03
JMP
DONE
GAME'S OVER
0270
E6
B5
TURN
INC
PLA4
COUNT THE PLAYS
0272
A5
DB
LDA
MODE
WHO'S TURN?
0274
DO
17
BNE
WAIT
CTM'S ♦
0276
20
A6 03
KEY
JSR
KEYS
PLAYER'S
0279
FO
FB
BEQ
KEY
GET A KEY
027B
C9
OA
CMP
#$0A
OVER 9?
027D
BO
F7
BCS
KEY
GET ANOTHER
027F
AA
TAX
•WSE IT AS AN INDEX
0280
B4
BF
LDY
DSPL,X
SEE IF SQUARE'S OPEN
0282
DO
F2
BNE
KEY
NO, TRY AGAIN
0284
A9
40
LDA
#$40
YES, MARK IT FOR. .
0286
20
47 01
JSR
UPDATE
PLAYER
0289
E6
DB
INC
MODE
KIM'S NEXT
028B
DO
AA
BNE
PVAL
BUT FIRST CK FOR WIN
028D
20
4C 03
WAIT
JSR
DISPLAY
HOLD KIM BACK
0290
E6
Dl
INC
LPCNT
A LITTLE
0292
DO
F9
BNE
WAIT
UPDATE AND..
0294
A9
08
LDA
#$08
IIt v u
THEN CHECK THE..
0296
20
C8 03
JSR
PSLD
BOARD
0299
02
1 DA
#$02
029B
20
C8 03
JSR
PSLD
029E
AQ
04
LDA
#$04
It YVJ~
02A0
£. U
U JIN
02A3
AQ
n i
1 DA
Tf V >J
02A5
20
C8 0 3
JSR
PSLD
02A8
AQ
CO
LDA
#$C0
WINNING PLAY FOR KIM
02AA
9f1
U JIN
CPTPI A
\J\ 1 I l_TA
02 AD
do
RNF
PLAY
YES - MAKE IT
02AF
A9
30
LDA
#$30
2 IN A ROW FOR. .
02B1
20
30 01
JSR
GETPLA
PLAYER
02B4
DO
3C
BNE
PLAY
YES - BLOCK IT
02B6
A9
08
LDA
#$08
POSSIBLE SQUEEZE
02B8
20
30 01
JSR
GETPLA
PLAY FOR KIM
02BB
DO
35
BNE
PLAY
YES - DO IT
02BD
20
B3 03
IPLA
JSR
RAND
HOW MUCH SMARTS?
02C0
29
OF
AND
#$0F
NEEDED?
02C2
C5
D2
CMP
IQ
KIM'S I.Q.
02C4
BO
IF
BCS
DUMB
TOO LOW - BAD MOVES
02C6
A4
B5
LDY
PLAC
SMART
79
02C8
CO
01
CPY #$01
1ST PLAY?
02CA
DO
A /.
Oh
BNE FOUR
NO
a a
02CC
29
A 1
01
AND #501
YES
02CE
DO
17
BNE TPLA
1/2 TIME PLAY A CORNER
Zj.TI-1 pi ay1?
n o r\n
02 DO
CU
n/i
04
cr\\ ID
rUUK
CPY tf-?L)H-
02D2
r\A
DO
0b
BNE bPLA
NU, bNlr
n o r\/i
02D4
o /■
L4
DTT Cr\CT_i_C
Dl 1 bl^b
YPC CV UMA MAC PPMTPB
02D6
"7 A
30
0D
r>MT P\| Ik /ID
BMI DUMB
1/ T Kyi Dl AV A CTriC
KIM - PLAY A blDt
02D8
"7 A
70
A "7
07
BVb PLAC
Dl AVCTD Dl AV A //V"\DMITD
PLAYtK-PLAY A OUKNtK
a a r\ a
02UA
A9
A A
02
c* m A
bPLA
I r\ A -U <t A o
LDA #502
r AM Dl AVCD lUIAI/n A
LAN PLAYtK MANt A. .
02DC
O A
20
7 A
30
A 1
01
irn rrTni A
JbK be 1 PLA
Cf\\ IETCT7C Dl AVO
bQUttZb PLAY :
02 DF
DO
11
BNE PLAY
YES - BLOCK IT
02E1
A A
AO
05
PLAC
LDY "505
02E3
r\A
DO
A A
02
BNE TPLA
blAKI WIIH Int CbNIbK
02E5
AO
09
DUMB
LDY #$09
START WITH THE SIDES
02E7
B6
Bb
TPLA
LDX RPLA,Y
USE THE RANDOM PLAY
02E9
B5
r~) r~
BF
i r\ a r\T c n v
LDA DIbP,X
TADI CT r\DCMaCni IADPO
lABLb - UPtN'bQUAKt:
02EB
F0
A f"
05
BEQ PLAY
Cl~\t IMr\ DKICZ Dl AV IT
FOUND ONh - PLAY 1 1
02ED
o o
88
DEY
M/~\ XDV MCVT AMCT
NO, 1 RY NhX 1 ONE
a o c~ r~
02EE
DO
F7
BNE KPLA
NOT YET
nocn
UZrU
fa
rU
rr'Z
r 5
DCA Pil IMD
bets) DUpTd
b 1 AK 1 UVLK
no fo
A9
Qn
oO
Dl A V
PLAY
i r\A ii 4 on
LDA ft?oU
MAD|/ TI-IP
no f/i
Uzr4
on
20
4/
IC D 1 IDr^ATT-
JbK UP DA It
I^D^UAKt rUK Mr!
noF7
UZr /
re
ad
UtL rUUL
Dl AYRD 'C Tl IPM MPYT
rLATCjv D 1 UKIN INtAI
PTDCT hTPl l/TM \»/TMO
rlKbl, UlU Klr\ WIN.
n o cn
(J2ry
An
A9
n r*
UC
LDA r?9UL
a o crr>
02FB
4C
39
A A
02
JMP TE5 1
n o crcr
UZrb
A C
A5
ad
M 1 b 1
i aa maaf
LUA rULt
WMU WUN :
n 7nn
U jUU
ou
U4
DkIC Tftl ID
DlNt x l^Ur
Dl AVPD 1 ID 1/TMlC T A
PLATtK, UP Klrl b 1 .1^.
U^Uz
Ob
no
t r\nM
IQ UN
i/iulc TAn CMADT
U 5UH
1 n
1U
Ur
DrL LAJINu
n inc.
U3UO
rr
to
AO
D2
iqup
IMP Ty-s
iNC
MAT DPI AM "7PDA
NU 1 DtLUW ZtKU
n 7n o
030o
a n
A9
i n
10
1 r\ A 4i i 1 n
LDA ft:? 10
MAT A\/PD in ucv
NU 1 UVbK 1U HtA
n A
U 3UA
Li)
no
UZ
Huln T A
Lrlr
030C
A A
90
F4
BCC IQDN
030E
B0
05
BCS DONE
0310
A9
OC
STIQ
LDA tt$0C
START WITH 75%
n 7 i o
0312
Or
85
r\A
D2
IQST
STA IQ
I .Q.
0314
Dtf
CLD
0315
20
A6
03
DONE
JSR KEYS
DISPLAY RESULTS-GET KEY
0318
A A
AO
A 1
01
i r\\/ a i
LDY "501
C T A m* LIT T*l 1 I/ T KA
START WITH KIM
A 7 1 A
Q31A
C9
13
CMP #513
IF "GO KEY PRESSED
031C
F0
28
BEQ SEMO
031E
88
DEY
START WITH PLAYER. .
n 7 1 r
031F
C9
1 A
12
CMP #512
t r- it ■ If [ — \/ nnrrr rn
IF + KEY PRtSbtD
0321
F0
23
BEQ SEMO
0323
C9
14
CMP #$14
Unrii nDccccn ci/td
PC PKbbbbU — bNlP
0325
DO
EE
BNE DONE
MA l/PV 1 AAD
NU NbY — LUUP
0327
A9
OD
CHIQ
LDA #50D
0329
85
FB
STA POINTH
SHOW UDUb
032B
A9
D5
i r\ A Jl d1 p»r*
LDA #5D5
032D
85
FA
STA P01NTL
032F
A5
D2
i r*\ a t r\
LDA IQ
AMn T A
AND 1 .y.
0331
85
F9
STA INH
0333
20
IF
IF
JSR SCANDS
ON DISPLAY
0336
20
40
IF
JSR KEYPR
0339
20
6A
IF
JSR GETKEY
80
CQ
*L1
1 X
CMP
#$11
n 7 7F
U 5 jC
Ff"l
rU
U5
BEQ
DONE
KL 1 UKIN 1 U LAJlNL LUUr
n 7Un
Rfi
DU
C5
BCS
CHIQ
l/FPD TDVTMP TF rU/PD lfAr\tl
Nttr IKYING lr UVtK AU
u y^c
05
no
STA IQ
1 MFD llf^LIPV*! /~UIAMPP
UlNtK li^ntAj, UiANGb
Qfl
y u
C 1
C 1
BCC CHIQ
IQ TO KEY #, NO KEY AGAIN
n 346
84
wo
STY
MODE
SET STARTING PLAY
n 7ii s
4C
00
n o
Uz
JMP
NEW
ANOTHER GAME1*
n 7Ur
EA
NOP
**********
SUBROUTINE "DISPLAY"
n 7k r
A9
7F
r\ T C Dl A V
DISPLAY
LDA
#$7F
U 5Ht
8D 41
1/
STA
PADD
OPEN DISPLAY CHANELS
n 7R l
U 55 J.
E6
DA
INC
RATE
n 7^; 7
AO
00
LDY
#$00
U555
A2
0B
DIGX
LDX
#$0B
INDEX DIGIT
n 7^ 7
B9
CO
n n
uu
ccrv
Otui
LDA
SQST,Y
GET CONTROL BYTE
n 7^a
U 55M
85
FC
STA
SAVE
SAVE IT
U55L
FO
14
BEQ
OFF
OPEN SQUARE
U 55C
29
20
AND
#$20
BLINK FLAG
n3fin
FO
04
BEQ
FLIC
NOT ON - SKIP'BLINK
U 50Z
24
DA
BIT
RATE
U 5oH
70
0C
BVS
OFF
ALTERNATE ON-OFF
A5
FC
Fl TP
ri_i u
LDA
SAVE
036R
29
40
AND
#$40
STEADY FLAG
DO
OA
BNE
ON
ON - SKIP FLICKER
036C
A5
DA
LDA
RATE
fl 7fiF
29
08
AND
#$08
v
FLICWR RATE
U5/U
FO
04
BEQ
ON
ON
n 779
U 5 / Z
A9 00
OFF
urr
LDA
#$00
OFF
U 5/H
FO
03
BEQ
DIGT
n 7 7fi
U 5 /D
B9
OF
n i
U 1
LDA
SEGS , Y
n 7 70
u 5 /y
84
FC
Ul ij 1
STY
SAVE
SAVE FROM LOSS IN SUBR.
U 5 /D
20
4E
i p
JSR
CONVD+6
DISPLAY A SEGMENT
7 7C
C8
I NY
fl 77F
u 5/r
CO
09
CPY
#$09
LAST SQUARE
fl 7 B 1
U 5ol
FO
06
BEQ
LAST
YES - DONE
U505
E0
11
CPX
#$11
NO, LAST DIGIT?
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SUBROUTINE "KEYS" """""
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""""" SUBROUTINE "RANDOM
PLAYS" """""
03F2
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03
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JSR RAND
GET RANDOM NUMBER
03F5
29
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AND "$0E
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:::c;:5j;j ZER0 PAGE USAGE """"
00B6
ODD/EVEN MODIFIER
00C0-
■C8
P RESTORED RANDOM PLAYS
00C9-
-DO
ROWS STATUS
00D1
DELAY TIMER
00D2
I.Q.
00D3-
•D8
RANDOM NUMBER REGISTERS
00D9
TEMPORARY STORAGE
OODA
FLICKER / BLINK RATE
OODB
PLAY MODE
OODC-
-E4
PLAY STATUS
OOFC
SAVE
83
LUNAR LANDER
Jim
Butterfield
Description -
The program starts at 0200. When started, you will find
yourself at 4500 feet and falling. The thrust on your machine
is set to low; so you'll pick up speed due to the force of
gravity.
You can look at your fuel at any time by pressing the
"F" button. Your fuel (initially 800 pounds) will be shown
in the first four digits of the KIM display. ^
The last two digits of the KIM display always show
your rate of descent or ascent. "A" restores altitude.
Set your thrust by pressing buttons 1 through 9.
Warning: button 0 turns your motor off, and it will not
re ignite ! A thrust of 1, minimum, burns very little fuel;
but gravity will be pulling your craft down faster ^nd
faster. A thrust of 9, maximum, overcomes gravity and
reduces your rate of descent very sharply. A thrust of 5
exactly counterbalances gravity; you will continue to descend
(or ascend) at a constant rate . If you run out of fuel,
your thrust controls will become inoperative . *"
A safe landing is considered to be one where you land
at a descent rate of 5 or less. After you land, your thrust
controls will be inoperative, since the motor is automatically
turned off; but you can still Dress "F" to look at your fuel..
Pressing "GO" starts a new flight.
Suggestions for a safe flight:
(1) Conserve fuel at the beginning by pressing 1. You
will begin to pick up speed downwards.
(2) When your rate of descent gets up to the 90's, you're
falling fast enough. Press 5 to steady the rate.
(3) When your altitude reaches about 1500 feet, you'll
need to slow down. Press 9 and slow down fast.
(4) When your rate of descent has dropped to 15 to 20,
steady the craft by pressing 5 or 6. Now you're on
your own.
I main routine - initialization
■ c
0200 A2 0D GO
0202 BD CC 02 LP1
0205 95 D5
0207 CA
0208 10 F3
020A A2 05
020C AO 01
020E F3
020F 13
LDX #13 fourteen bytes
LDA INIT.X
STA ALT.X
DEX
BPL LP1
; update height & velocity
GALG LDX #5
RECAL LDY #1
SED
CLG
84
- ^
r\ 01 a
U 21U
^5
n c
Ullrll
LDA ALT , X
Ucic
O
U (
ADC ALT+2.X add each digit
a 91 ii
95
STA ALT ,X
A 9 1 £
0 21 O
OA
DEX
A 91 9
021 (
09
0 3
DEY
A O 4 Q
021o
1 A
10
BFL DIGIT
next digit
021A
B5
no
Lo
LDA ALT+3.X hi-order .. zero..
0210
1 A
10
A O
02
BFL INCR
. . or . .
A 9 1 1?
A A
99
LDA #$99
A 09A
nt
UD
ADC ALT ,X
A 999
0222
At
95
^5
STA ALT ,X
A O O il
0 224
P A
OA
DEX
0225
10
E5
BPL RECAL
do next addition
a AAri
022/
A5
D5
LDA ALT
A 9 9 O
U 229
1 A
10
An
UD
BPL UP still flying?
A 9 OP
U 22i5
A O
A9
aa
LDA #0
nope, turn off
noon
022U
T?0
112
STA DOWN
>
A 9 91?
0221'
A O
A2
A O
02
LDX #2
♦
A 991
95
u5
L/LI
STA ALT ,X
A 99 9
95
T>T5
DC
STA TH2,X
A 99 K
PA
DEX
n 9 9A
XVJ
r y
BPL DD
V
A O 9 9
023 J
9Q
31
TT"D
Ur
SEC update fuel
f\ r\ o r\
0239
A5
T?A
E0
LDA FUEL+2
U<£ ^£>
E5
JJJJ
SBC THRUST
a Aon
023JJ
O t*
35
T? A
£0
STA FUEL+2
A O OTi1
0 2 3-t
A*c
A 1
01
LDX #1
two more digits to go
0 2'+l
■B5
Dr.
J-i 2
LDA FUEL.X
A Oh 9
IT A
h9
A A
00
SBC
95
Dr.
STA FUEL.X
A Oil H
02*+ /
LA
DEX
02«+i
1 A
10
TP r7
-7
BPL LP 2
A 9 Jl A
U 2tkA
T3A
.DO
AC
0L.
BCS TANK
still got fuel?
Q2kC
A9
00
LDA #0
nope, kill motor
A O
A 2
03
LDX #3
a e
95
nn
DD
T X, 9
LP 3
STA THRUST, X
0252
OA
DEX
0253
10
I' B
; show
BPL LP 3
alt, fuel,
or messages
f\ r\ 1* r
0255
20
BD 02
JSR THRSET
025^
A5
DE
TANK
LDA FUEL
fuel into regstrs
025A
A6
DF
LDX FUEL+1
025C
09
F0
ORA #$F0
plus F flag
025E
A4
El
LDY MODE
0260
FO
20
BEQ ST
0262
F0
9C
H AT if* »Tir
G0LINK
BEQ GO
026^
FO
CLINK
BEQ CALC
026o
A O
A*c
LDX #$FE
0261
AO
5A
LDY #$5A
02OA
1 9
1 1
CLC
026B
A5
D9
LDA VEL+1
026D
69
05
ADC #5
026F
A5
D3
LDA VEL
0271
69
00
ADC #0
85
0273
BO
04-
BCS
GOOD
027*5
A2
AD
LDX #$AD
0277
AO
DE
LDY #$DE
0279
93
GOOD
TYA
027A
kh
E2
LDY
DOWN
027c
FO
BEQ
ST
027E
A4)
D5
LDA
ALT
0230
A6
D6
LDX
ALT+1
0232
3"S
FB
ST
STA
FOINTH
0234
36
FA
STX
POINTL
• show
rate of ascent/descnt as absolute
0236
A5
D9
LDA
VEL+1
023^
A6
D3
LDX
VEL up or down?
023A
10
05
BPL
FLY . .up, we're OK
0230
33
SEC
023D
A9
00
LDA
#0
023F
E5
D9
SBC
VEL+1
0291
^5
F9
FLY
STA
INH
0293
A9
02
LDA
#2 loop twice thru display
0295
^5
E3
STA
DECK * %
0297
D3
FLITE
CLD
display &^£ey test
SCANDS light 'em up
0293
20
IF
IF
JSR
029B
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY check keys
029E
C9
13
CMP
#$13 GO key?
02A0
FO
CO
BEQ
GOLINK . .yes
02A2
BO
03
BCS
NOKEY . . if no key
02A4
201 AD
02
JSR
DOKEY
02A7
C6
E3
NO KEY
DEC
DECK
02A9
DO
ED
BNE
FLITE
02AB
FO
B7
BEQ
CLINK to CALC
; subroutine to test keys
02AD
G9
OA
DGKEY
CMP #$0A test numeric
02AF
90
05
BCC,
JIUMBER
02B1
^9
OF
EOR
F$0F Fuel F gives 0 flag
02B3
35
El
STA
MODE
02B5
60
RETRN
RTS
02B6
AA
NUMBER
TAX
02B7
A5
DD
LDA
THRUST test; is motor off?
02B9
FO
FA
BEQ
RETRN yes, ignore key
02BB
36
DD
STX
THRUST no, set thrust
02BD
; calculate
accel as thrust minus 5
02BD
A5
DD
THRSET
LDA
THRUST
02BF
33
SEC
02C0
F3
SED
02C1
U C v 1
E9
05
SBC
#5
02C3
35
DC
STA
TH2+1
02C5
A9
00
LDA
#0
02C7
E9
00
SBC
#0
02C9
^5
DB
STA
TH2
02CB
60
RTS
; initial values
02CC
^5
01
00
INIT
.BYTE $^5,1,0 altitude
02CF
99
31
00
. BYTE $99, $31,0 rate of ascent
86
02D2 99 97 . BYTE
02D4 02 .BYTE
02D5 03 00 00 . BYTE
02D8 01 . BYTE
02D9 01 . BYTE
; end
$99»$97 acceleration
2 thrust
8,0,0 fuel
1 display mode
1 in flight/landed
00D5
ALT *=*+3
00D8
VEL *=*+3
OODB
TH2 *=*+2
OODD
THRUST *=*+l
OODE
FUEL *=*+3
00E1
MODE *=*+i
00E2
DOWN *=*+l
00E3
DECK *=*+l
; linkages to
KIM monitor
SCANDS =S1F1F
GETKEY =$1F6A
POINTH =$FB
POINTL =$FA
INH =$F9
V
***** Hex Dump - Lunar Lander *****
0200
A2
OD
BD
CC
02
95
D5
CA
10
F8
A2
05
AO
01
F8
18
^ 0210
B5
D5
75
D7
95
D5
CA
88
10
F6
B5
D8
10
02
A9
99
0220
75
D5
95
D5
CA
10
E5
A5
D5
10
OD
A9
00
85
E2
A2
0230
02
95
D5
95
DB
CA
10
F9
38 A5
EO
E5
DD
85
EO
A2
0240
01
B5
DE
E9
00
95
DE
CA
10
F7
BO
OC A9
00
A2
03
0250
95
DD
CA
10
FB
20
BD
02
A5
DE
A6
DF
09
FO
A4
El
0260
F0
20
FO
$
FO
A4
A2
FE
AO
5A
18
A5
D9
69
05 A5
0270
D8
69
00
04
A2
AD AO
DE 98
A4
E2
FO
04 A5
D5
0280
A6
D6
85
FB
86
FA
A5
D9
A6
D8
10
05
38
A9
00
E5
0290
D9
85
F9
A9
02
85
E3
D8
20
IF
IF
20
6A
IF
C9
13
02A0
FO
CO
BO
03
20
AD
02
C6
E3
DO
ED
FO
B7
C9
OA
90
02B0
05
49
OF
85
El
60
AA A5
DD
FO
FA
86
DD A5
DD
38
02C0
F8
E9
05
85
DC
A9
00
E9
00
85
DB
60
45
01
00
99
02D0
81
00
99
97
02
08
00
00
01
01
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Ted Beach suggested the addition of
the F flag when displaying fuel. Chuck Eaton spotted
the cause of an erratic bug in the original keyboard
input subroutine. Thanks to both.
87
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Description: Find your way out of the maze. You are the
flashing liqht in the centre of the display. As you move
up (key 9), down (1), left (4) or right (6), KIM will keep
you in the central display; you'll see the walls of the maze
moving by as you travel. Like walking through a real maze,
you'll only see a small part of the maze as you pass through.
If you can get out, you'll find yourself in a large open
area; that means you've won. Press GO at any time for
a new maze. Program starts at address 0200.
Listing:
n s>n n
-Li D
T1MP
-L i\i ^
£\XN u
J- CLLl\JL\JV\ O CCU
U L. U £t
?n
1 V
x r
.T^ R
U tZ> x\
KFYTN
u J
nn
n 7
LDX
#7
yJ C*. ^ i 1 LliC ll Id \3
nn
LP1
ROL
RND
O [JXaLcb
J. /
BCC
NXUP
TIC
n r
U O
n ■?
LDY
PLACE, X
U <£ J.U
rSU
i n
n •?
LDA
P0INT1,X
nil o
j y
pit?
n. o
u z
EOR
MAZE, Y
UZlO
y y
rvt?
Dhi
uz
STA
MAZE,Y
uz iy
Li)
inV
ATI *
INY
r\ oil r>
B D
lo
U o
LDA
P0INT2,X
UzlE
5y
DE
0^
EOR
MAZE , Y
0221
9 9
DE
02
STA
MAZE,Y
0224
CA
NXUP
DEX
•
0225
10
E2
BPL
LP1
0227
A2
02
LDX
#2
0229
D8
CLD
022A
30
D4
SLINK
BMI
START
022C
BD
DB
02
SETUP
LDA
INIT,X
022F
95
D2
STA
MZPT,X
0231
CA
DEX
3 values from INIT
0232
10
F8
BPL
SETUP
; pick out specific
part of maze
0234
AO
0B
MAP
LDY
#11
0236
Bl
D2
GETMOR
LDA
(MZPT) ,Y
6 rows x 2
0238
99
D8
00
STA
W0RK,Y
023B
88
DEY
023C
10
F8
BPL
GETMOR
; shift for vertical
position
023E
A2
OA
LDX
#10
for each of 6 rows
0240
A4
D4
NXDIG
LDY
POSIT
..shift Y positions
0242
A9
FF
LDA
#$FF
filling with 'walls'
0244
38
REROL
SEC
. . .on both sides
0245
36
D9
ROL
WORK+l,X
0247
36
D8
ROL
WORK,X
roll 'em
0249
2A
ROL
A
024A
88
DEY
024B
DO
F7
BNE
REROL
MULTI-MAZE
88
; calculate segments
024D
29
07
AND
#7
024F
A8
TAY
0250
B9
C6
02
LDA
TABl , Y
3 bits to segment
0253
95
D8
STA
WORK,X
. .stored
0255
CA
DEX
0256
CA
DEX
0257
10
E7
BPL
NXDIG
; test
flasher
0259
C6
D5
LIGHT
DEC
PLUG
time out?
025B
10
OA
BPL
MUG
. .no
025D
A9
05
LDA
#5
. .yes , reset
025F
85
D5
STA
PLUG
0261
A5
DE
LDA
WORK+6
. . and . .
0263
49
40
EOR
#$40
. . flip. .
0265
85
DE
STA WORK+6
. . flasher
; light display
0267
A9
7F
MUG
LDA
#$7F
open the gate
0269
8D
41
17
STA
SADD
026C
AO
09
LDY
#$09
026E
A2
OA
LDX
#10
0270
B5
D8
SHOW
LDA
WORK,X
tiptoe thru..
0272
8D
40
17
STA
SAD
. . the segments
0275
8C
42
17
STYV
S$D
0278
C6
D6
ST1
DEC
STALL
. .pausing
027A
DO
FC
BNE
ST1
027C
C8
INV
027DLC8
IN i
027E
CA
DEX
027F
CA
DEX
0280
10
EE
BPL
SHOW
• f OQ +•
new
key depression
0282
20
40
IF
JSR
KEY IN
set dir reg
0285
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
0288
C5
D7
CMP
SOK
same as last?
028A
FO
CD
BEQ
LIGHT
028C
85
D7
STA
SOK
; test
which key
028E
A2
04
LDX
#4 5
items in table
0290
DD
CE
02
SCAN
CMP
TAB2 ,X
0293
FO
05
BEQ
FOUND
0295
CA
DEX
0296
10
F8
BPL
SCAN
0298
30
BC
BMI
LIGHT
029A
CA
FOUND
DEX
029B
30
8D
BMI
SLINK
go key?
029D
BC
D3
02
LDY
TAB3,X
0 2A0
B9
D8
00
LDA
WORK,Y
02A3
3D
D7
02
AND
TAB 4 ,X
02A6
DO
Bl
; move
BNE
LIGHT
02A8
CA
DEX
02A9
10
04
BPL
NOTUP
02AB
C6
D4
DEC
POSIT
upward move
02AD
DO
85
ML INK
BNE
MAP
l.o.n.g branch
89
02AF
D0*04
NOTUP
BNE
SI DEWY
02R1
Lift
INC
J- LN V-»
POS TT
downward mnvp
\j £• n> o
no
r o
I.) IN X-j
MT TMK
Ulj X IN l\
\J *~ D ~J
O X ULj W X
LJUj /\
02R6
no
-UJ-J i- J.
02B8
C6
D2
RIGHT
DEC
MZPT
ricrht move
02BA
C6
D2
DEC
MZPT
02BC
DO
EF
BNE
MLINK
02BE
E6
D2
LEFT
INC
MZPT
left move
02C0
E6
D2
INC
MZPT
02C2
DO
E9
BNE
MLINK
02C4
FO
F2
BEQ
RIGHT
; tables
follow in
Hex format
02C6
TABl
00
08
40
48
01
09
41
49
02CE
TAB 2
13
09
01
06
04
02D3
TAB 3
06
06
04
08
02D7
TAB 4
01
08
40
40
02 DB
INIT
DA
02
08
02DE
MAZE
FF
FF
04
00
F5
7F
15
00
41 FE 5F
51
B6
54
14
F7
D5
04
54
7F 5E 01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00,
00 00 .
0308
PLACE
05
0B
ia
10
14
18
17
10
0310
POINT1
01
04
80
10
80
02
40
40
0318
POINT2
02
02
40
01
10
04
80
10
; end
of
program
04 51 7D 5D 04
***** Hex Dfrmp - Multimaze *****
0
I
s>
'b
vA
9
<"?
<8
a
C
£
F=
0200
E6
DO 20. hO
IF
DO
F9
A2
07
26
DO
90
17
BC
08
03
0210
BD
10
03
59
DE
02
99
DE
02
C8
C8
BD
18
03
59
DE
0220
02
99
DE
02
CA
10
E2
A2
02
D8
30
D4
BD DB Q2
95
0230
D2
CA
10
F8
AO
0B
Bl
D2
99
D8
00
88
10
F8
A2
OA
0240 A4
D4
A9
FF
38
36
D9
36
D8
2A
88
DO
F7
29
07
A8
0250
B9
C6
02
95
D8
CA
CA
10
E7
C6
D5
10
OA A9
05
85
0260 D5
A5
DE
49
40
85
DE
A9
7F
8D
41
17
AO
09
A2
OA
0270
B5
D8
8D 40
17
8C
42
17
C6
D6
DO
FC
C8
C8
CA
CA
0280i
«
EE
20
40
IF
20
6A
IF
C5
D7
F0
CD
85
D7
A2
04
-0290*
CE
02
05
CA
10
F8
30
BC
CA
30
8D
BC
D3
02
02 AO
B9
D8
00
3
D7
02
DO
Bl
CA
W
04
C6
D4
DO
85
DO
02B0
04
E6
D4
DO
F8
CA
DO
06
C6
D2
C6
D2
DO
EF
E6
D2
02C0
E6
D2
DO
E9
F0
F2
00
08
40
48
01
09
41
49 01 09
02D0
01
06 Oh 06
06
04
08
01
08
40
40
DA
02
08
FF
FF
O2E0
04
00
F5
7F
15
00
41
FE
5F
04
51
7D
5D
04
51
B6
02F0
54
lh
F7
D5
04
54
7F
5E
01
00
FD
FF
00
00
00
00
0300
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
06
05
0B
10
10
14
18
17
10
0310
01
04
80
10
80
02
40
40
02
02
40
01
10
04
80
10
90
MUSIC SOX
JIM BUTTERFIELD
DESCRIPTION
THIS PROGRAM PLAYS ONE OR SEVERAL TUNES VIA THE "AUDIO OUT"
INTERFACE OF KIM-1. USE THE SAME CONNECTION AS THAT FOR
RECORDING ON CASSETTE TAPE. IF YOUR TAPE RECORDER HAS
A "MONITOR" FEATURE, YOU CAN LISTEN TO THE TUNE AS WELL
AS RECORD IT. ALTERNATIVELY, AN AMPLIFIER WILL PLAY THE
SIGNAL THROUGH A SPEAKER.
HOW TO RUN
LOAD THE PROGRAM. LOAD THE TUNE(S) EITHER FROM CASSETTE
TAPE, PAPER TAPE, OR KEYBOARD ENTRY. BE SURE TO STORE
THE VALUE FA AT THE END OF EACH TUNE, AND BEHIND THE LAST
TUNE, STORE: FF 00.
STARTING ADDRESS FOR THE PROGRAM IS 200. ENTER AD 0 2 0 0 GO
HOW TO WRITE. YOUR OWN TUNECS)
EACH NOTE GOES INTO A BYTE OF STORAGE, STARTING AT LOCATION
0000 OF MEMORY. EACH TUNE SHOULD END WITH THE VALUE FA
WHICH STOPS THE PROGRAM UNTIL GO IS PRESSED.
SPECfKL CODES ARE INCORPORATED IN* THE PROGRAM TO ALLOW
CERTAIN EFFECTS - ADJUSTMENT OF SPEED, TONE, ETC.
THE CODES ARE FOLLOWED BY A VALUE WHICH SETS THE
PARTICULAR EFFECT. CODES ARE LISTED BELOW.
CODE EFFECT *" INITIALLY
FB SETS SPEED OF TUNE $30
FC SETS LENGTH OF 02
"LONG" NOTES
>FD SETS OCTAVE (PITCH) 01
FE SETS INSTRUMENT $FF
FF SETS ADDRESS FOR 00
TUNE
EXAMPLES
18 IS QUICK; 60 IS SLOW
2 MEANS, "LONG NOTE LASTS
TWICE AS LONG AS SHORT"
2 IS BASS; 4 IS DEEP BASS.
FF IS PIANO; 00 IS CLARINET.
00 WILL TAKE YOU BACK TO
FIRST TUNE; LIKE A "JUMP".
FOR EXAMPLE, AT ANY TIME DURING A TUNE, YOU MAY INSERT
THE SEQUENCE FB 18 AND THE TUNE WILL THEN BEGIN TO PLAY
AT FAST SPEED. INSERTING FF 45 WILL CAUSE A SWITCH TO
THE TUNE AT ADDRESS 45. THE INITIAL VALUES SHOWN CAN
BE RESET AT AlfT TIME BY STARTING AT ADDRESS 200.
NO TUNE SHOULD EXTEND BEYOND ADDRESS DF, SINCE PROGRAM
VALUES ARE STORED AT E0 AND UP.
THE PROGRAM CAN BE EASILY CONVERTED TO A SUBROUTINE
(BY REPLACING THE BRK INSTRUCTION WITH A RTS). THIS ALLOWS
THE PROGRAMMER TO PLAY VARIOUS "PHRASES" OF MUSIC TO
PRODUCE QUITE COMPLEX TUNES.
91
tr
THE LOWEST NOTE YOU CAN PLAY IS A BELOW MIDDLE C. FOR EACH NOTE,
YOU CAN SELECT WHETHER IT IS PLAYED AS A LONG NOTE OR A SHORT NOTE
(NORMALLY, A LONG NOTE WILL LAST TWICE AS LONG AS A SHORT NOTE).
SOME OF THE NOTES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
NOTE
SHORT
LONG
A
~l f
F5
Aft
6E
EE
c o
cr O
Eo
Ml DDLt L
b2
E2
DC
D
5b
Db
D2
E
4D
CD
F
C8
F#
C<+
G
<+0
CO
Gft
3C
BC
A
39
B9
A#
35
xB5
B
B2
HIGH C
2F
AF
Cft.
AC
D
29
A9
4
Ait
, 22
AO
G
9E
PAUSE
00
80
; INITIALIZE - RESET WORK PARAMETERS
0200
A2 05 START
LDT'#$05
0202
BD 86 02 LP1
LDA INIT,X
0205
95 E0
STA WORK,X
0207
CA
DEX
0208
10 F8
BPL LP1
; MA ROUTINE HERE
- WORK NOT
RESET
020A
A9 BF GO
LDA #$BF
020C
8D 43 17
STA PBDD
OPEN OUTPUT CHANNEL
020F
AO 00
LDY #$00
0211
Bl E4
LDA CWORK+<0,Y GET NEXT NOTE
0213
E6 E<+
INC WORK+4
0215
C9 FA
CMP #$FA
TEST FOR HALT
0217
DO Oh
BNE NEXT
0219
00
BRK
COR RTS IF USED AS SUBR.)
02 1A
EA
NOP
02 IB
FO ED
BEQ GO
RESUME WHEN GO PRESSED
02 ID
90 0B NEXT
BCC NOTE
IS IT A NOTE?
021F
E9 FB
SBC #$FB
IF NOT, DECODE INSTR.
0221
AA
TAX
AND PUT INTO X
92
Ir
0222
Bl
Till
E4
LDA
(W0RK+4),Y get parameter
0224
E6
E4
INC
WORK+4
0226
95
E0
STA
W0RK,X
store in work table
0228
BO
E0
BCS
GO
unconditional branch
; set
up for timing note
022A
A6
E0
NOTE
LDX
WORK
timing
022C
86
E7
STX
LIMIT+1
022E
A6
El
LDX
WORK+1
long note factor
0230
A8
m a v
TAY
test accumulator
0231
30
02
JSlVli
at ret?
uv Jin
long note?
0233
A2
01
JjDA
ffl
nope 1 set short note
0235
86
E6
OVER
T TMTfTl
LIMIT
store length factor
0237
29
7F
A T\TT~\
AND
#$7F
remove short/long flag
0239
85
E9
QTi A
O I A
VAT O
V A±j<£
023B
F0
02
13 TT A
D£jH
HUoH
is it a pause?
023D
Q C
EA
b 1A
VAL1
no, set pitch
023-r
A f
E9
HUSH
VAT, 9
U 0-LMXIlgj dllU. • •
0241
25
E3
AND
WORK+3
bypass if muted
024-3
F0
04
BEQ
ON
0245
E6
EA
INC
VAL1
else fade the
0247
Co
E9
DEC
VAL2
note
0249
ft /"
A6
E9
ON
LDX
VAL2
A O /l T3
A A
7#9
Ay
LDA
#$A7,
bit 7 on
024D
20
5D
02
JSR
SOUND
delay half cycle
0250
30
B8
BMI
GO
0252
A6
EA
LDX
VAL1
0254
A9
27
LDA
#$27
bit 7 off
0256
20
5D
02
JSR
SOUND
delay the other half
0259
30
AF
BMI
GO
end of note?
025B
10
E2
*BPL
HUSH
no, more cycles
; subroutine to send a bit
025D
A4
E2
SOUND
LDY
WORK+2
octave flag
025F
84
EB
STY
TIMER
0261
86
EC
STX
XSAV
bit timing
0263
EO
00
SLOOP
CPX
#0
end of timing?
0265
DO
08
BNE
CONT
no, continue
0267
A^
EC
LDX
XSAV
restore timing
0269
C6
EB
DEC
TIMER
in case of. .
026B
DO
F6
BNE
SLOOP
..another octave
026D
FO
16
BEQ
SEX
else exit
026F
8D
42 17
CONT
STA
SBD
0272
CA
DEX
0273
C6
E8
DEC
LIMIT+2
0275
DO
EC
BNE
SLOOP
0277
C6
E7
DEC
LIMIT+1
0279
DO
E8
BNE
SLOOP
027B
A4
EO
LDY
WORK
027D
84
E7
STY
LIMIT+1
027F
C6
E6
DEC
LIMIT
93
0281 DOfO BNE SLOOP
0283 A 9 FF LDA #$FF
0285 60 SEX RTS
; INITIAL CONSTANTS
0286 30 02 01 INIT . BYTE $30 ,2 , 1 , $FF, 0, 0
FF 00 00
SAMPLE MUSIC FOR MUSIC BOX PROGRAM
0000
FB
18
FE
FF
44
51
E6
E6
66
5A
51
4C
C4
C4
C4
Dl
0010
BD
BD
BD
00
44
BD
00
44
3D
36
33
2D
A8
80
80
33
0020
44
B3
80
80
44
51
C4
80
80
5A
51
E6
80
80
FA
0020
FE
0030
00
FB
28
5A
5A
51
48
5A
48
Dl
5A
5A
51
48
DA
E0
0040
5A
5A
51
48
44
48
51
5A
60
79
6C
60
DA
DA
FA
0040
FE
0050
FF
5A
5A
5A
5A
5A
5A
66
72
79
E6
E6
80
00
56
56
0060
56
56
56
56
5A
66
F2
80
80
4C
4B
4C
4C
4C
4C
56
0070
5A
56
4C
00
C4
44
4C
56
5A
5A
56
5A
66
56
5A
66
0080
F2
80
FE
00
00
72
5A
CC
72
5A
CC
72
5A
CC
80
B8
0090
80
4C
56
5A
56
5A
E6
F2
80
FA
FF
00
NOTE THAT TUNES 1 AND 2 SET BOTHTHE SPEED AND THE INSTRUMENT.
TUNE 3 CONTINUES AT THE SAME SPEED AS THE PREVIOUS ONE; BUT THE
INSTRUMENT IS CHANGED DURING THE TUNE.
THE PROGRAM CAN BE CHANGED TO USE THE SPEAKER SHOWN IN
FIGURE 5.1 OF THE KIM MANUAL AS FOLLOWS:
BYTE INITIALLY CHANGE TO
020D 43 01
024C A7 FF
0255 27 00
0270 42 00
***** Extra Datafile for Music Box *****
0000-
FE
00
56
52
4D
AF
4D
AF
4D
FC
06
AF
FC
02
FE
FF
0010-
2F
29
26
24
2F
29
A4
32
A9
FC
06
AF
FC
02
FE
00
0020-
56
52
4D
AF
4D
AF
4D
FC
06
AF
FC
02
FE
FF
39
40
0030-
44
39
2F
A4
29
2F
39
A9
80
80
FE
00
56
52
4D
AF
0040-
4D
AF
4D
FC
06
AF
FC
02
FE
FF
2F
29
26
24
2F
29
0050-
A4
32
A9
AF
80
80
2F
29
24
2F
29
A4
2F
29
2F
24
0060-
2F
29
A4
2F
29
2F
24
2F
29
A4
32
A9
AF
80
80
FA
0070-
FF
00
Note: be sure to set the break vector 17FE,FF (00, 1C)
94
PING PONG
JIM BUTTERFIELD
Play against the computer, or C slam F
change the program for a two-player
game. On each shot, you choose 8 block B
between four plays: Spin, Lob,
Block, or Slam. If you're playing 4 lob 7
the left side of the court, use the
left-hand buttons (0, 4, 8 and C) . 0 spin 3
See the diagram at right.
Each shot has its own strengths and weaknesses: for
example, a Slam is a powerful shot, but it's also likely
to be "fluffed". Strategy is not trivial - your chances
of success on any play depend not only on your choice of
shot, but on what shots have gone before. You'll have to
learn the combinations the hard way.
#¥ou'll see the net in the middle of the court. Don't try
to play the ball until it is on your side of the net, or
you'll lose the point. Each type of shot has a
distinctive appearance, which you'll learn to recognize.
Tn\py are similar to the key positions: a Spin lights the
bottom segment, a Lob lights the middle segment, a Block
lights the upper segment, and the mighty Slam shot lights
all three segments and travels faster.
The original version of the game was published for the
HP-67 calculator in "65 Notes", V4N2P5. Authorship was
not given.
At first, the shots will come too fast for you to cope
with. There are two ways to solve this. The easy way is
the "freeze" the ball by holding down any unused key,
like AD or 7: play will be suspended until you figure
out what you want to do next. The harder way, but not
too hard, is just to slow down the ball by changing the
program: locations 0331 to 0334 contain the speeds for
each type of shot. Increase these values and the ball
will slow down, e.g., 40 40 40 28 will halve the speed.
For a two-player game, where KIM does not play the right
side, change location 032C to 01. To have KIM play the
left side, change location 032B to 00.
KIM plays a strong game, but CAN BE BEATEN!
95
no n n
o n
zU
ji n
<4U
Ir
START
JSR
VV V TM
uireccionai registr
UzU j
o n
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oA
Ir
JSR
(oh l Kh.i
input Key
UzUo
A.
1 o
CMP
#513
t»u Keyr
n o n Q
UzUo
nn
1JU
n a
UA
BNE
NOGO
nope / sk ip
; GO key -
set up
game here
no n r
UzUA
A o
Az
n q
Uo
LDX
#8
gQZ y • •
UzUC
nn
BD
O /I
z4
n o
U3
SETUP
LDA
INIT,X
. . lnitai vaiu
A A A n
020F
95
O A
80
STA
SPEED, X
to zero page
noil
Uzll
CA
DEX
0 zlz
1U
Fa
BPL
SETUP
; test
legal keys
(0,3,4, 7,8, B,C,F)
A A 1 X
0214
Aft
C9
10
NOGO
CMP
#$10
key u to F i
0216
T"» A
B0
A A
22
BCS
NOKEY
no, skip
Uzlo
AA
TAX
save key in X
Uziy
o n
zy
n o
03
AND
#3
test column
U z La
n >l
U4
BEQ
KEY
i~>r^~\ n /n ^1 q o\ o
COi U (U,4,Of(-;f
noin
U 2 ID
co
Ly
n o
U3
CMP
#3
/-•rti o ^ o o n T?^ o
Uzlr
i^n
DU
1 o
iy
BNE
NOKEY
neicner — skip
n o o i
A K
O 3
KEY
EOR
PLACE
CucCK VS UdXl yUolH
AO
TAY
n o o 4
OQ
zy
n a
U 4
AND
#4
Kail cn»" oan?
Dall Oil al/lccll:
n o oe
U ZZO
nn
1 0
lz
BNE
NOKEY
pi
OA
TXA
moo
u z zy
4 D
EOR
DIRECT
uaii going away f
moo
OQ
zy
n o
Uz
AND
#2
noon
U zzD
c n
FU
n o
UB
BEQ
NOKEY
yes, ignore key
U / Zr
y o
TYA
ball position
noon
o o.
zy
n o
Uz
AND
#2
wrong side of net?
0232
r% A
DO
69
BNE
POINT
yes, lose!
; legal play found
here
0234
A It
8A
TXA
restore key
A A r*
0235
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
type (0=Spin, etc)
A A A A
0237
A A
20
Bl
A A
02
JSR
SHOT
make shot
; key
r tns
complete - play ball
A A A »
023A
A A
20
A A
40
IF
NOKEY
JSR
KEYIN
if key still prest.
A A A T%
023D
rt A
DO
A "1
27
BNE
FREEZE
freeze ball
AAA Ti
023F
C6
A A
83
DEC
PAUSE
A A A T
0241
T A
10
A A
23
BPL
FREEZE
wait til timeout
n o a o
U Z4 0
AD
a n
o u
LDA
SPEED
0245
85
83
STA
PAUSE
0247
18
CLC
0248
A5
85
LDA
PLACE
move . .
024A
65
84
ADC
DIRECT
. .ball
024C
\J Ck *x
85
85
STA
PLACE
024E
29
04
AND
#4
ball still. .
0250
F0
14
BEQ
FREEZE
in court?
; ball
outside - KIM to play?
0252
A5
85
LDA
PLACE
0254
30
04
BMI
TESTL
ball on left
0256
A5
88
LDA
PRITE
KIM plays right?
0258
10
02
BPL
SKPT
unconditional
025A
A5
87
TESTL
LDA
PLEFT
KIM plays left?
025C
DO
3F
SKPT
BNE
POINT
no, lose point
96
*
; KIM plays either side here
025E
A6
82
LDX
LOG
log determines..
0260
BD
39
03
LDA
PLAY , X
. .KIM' s play
0263
20
Bl
02
JSR
SHOT
make the shot
0266
A9
7F
FREEZE
LDA
#$7F
0268
8D
41
17
STA
PADD
open registers
; light display he
re
026B
AO
13
LDY
#$13
026D
A2
01
LDX
#1
026F
86
89
STX
DIGIT
count score diats
0271
A5
86
LDA
SCORE
0273
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
shift & store..
0275
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
. . left player score
0277
85
8A
STA
ARG
0279
A5
86
LDA
SCORE
027B
29
OF
AND
#$0F
..right player scor
027D
AA
TAX
027E
BD
E7
IF HOOfc
LDA
TABLE , X
028JL
20
A4
02
JSR
SHOW
Q28\
A6
8A
LDA
ARG
0286
C6
89
DEC
DIGIT
0288
10
F4
BPL
HOOP
028A
A2
03
LDX
#3
028C
BD
2D
03
VUE
LDA
PIX,X
028F
E4
85
CPX
PLACE
0291
DO
02
BNE
NOP IX
0293
05
81
ORA
SPOT
show the ball
0295
20
A4
02
NOP IX
JSR
SHOW
0298
CA
DEX
0299
10
Fl
BPL
VUE
029B
30
03
BMI
SLINK
; lose J
score &. reverse board
029D
20
E9
02
POINT
JSR
SKORE
02 AO
D8
SLINK
CLD
02A1
4C
00
02
JMP
START
return to main loop
; display subroutine
02A4
8D
40
17
SHOW
STA
SAD
02A7
8C
42
17
STY
SBD
02AA
C6
8B
STALL
DEC
MOD
02 AC
DO
FC
BNE
STALL
02AE
88
88
DEY
DEY
02B0
60
RTS
02B1
A8
SHOT
TAY
save shot in Y
02B2
A6
82
LDX
LOG
old log in X
02B4
06
82
ASL
LOG
02B6
82
ASL
LOG
02B8
05
82
ORA
LOG
02BA
29
OF
AND
#$F
update log book
02BC
85
82
STA
LOG
. . last two shots
02BE
38
SEC
02BF
A5
80
LDA
SPEED
02C1
E5
83
SBC
PAUSE
invert timing
02C3
85
83
STA
PAUSE
97
fr
; set
speed & display segment (s)
02C5
B9
31
03
LDA SPD,Y
02C8
85
80
STA SPEED
02CA
B9
35
03
LDA SEG , Y
02CD
85
81
STA SPOT
; test
play success - random
02CF
BD
49
03
t na PHaMPP
02D2
88
GIT
DEY
02D3
30
04
BMI GET
02D5
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
02D7
10
F9
BPL GIT
unconditional
02D9
29
03
GET
AND #3
odds 0 to 3 . .
02DB
OA
ASL A
now 0 to 6
02DC
85
8C
STA TEMP
02DE
AD
04
17
LDA TIMER
random number
02E1
29
07
AND #7
now 0 to 7
02E3
C5
8C
CMP TEMP
02E5
FO
33
BEQ REVRS
success?
02E7
90
31
BCC REVRS
success?
; lose
a point & position td^erve
02E9
A2
04
SKORE
LDX #4
position ball R
02EB
A5
84
1
•
LDA DIRECT
02ED
OA
OA
AS LA ASLA
02EF
OA
OA
AS LA ASLA
02F1
10
04
BPL OVER
02F3
A2
FF
LDX #$FF
position ball L
02F5
A9
01
LDA #1
02F7
86
85
OVER
STX PLACE
02F9
18
CLC
02FA
65
86
ADC SCORE
02FC
85
86
STA SCORE
02FE
AO
00
LDY #0 end game, kill ball
0300
AA
TLP
TAX
0301
29
OF
AND #$F
get one score
0303
C9
OB
CMP #$11
11 points?
0305
DO
02
BNE SKI
0307
84
84
STY DIRECT
kill ball
0309
8A
SKI
TXA
030A
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
030C
4A
4A
LSRA LSRA
030E
DO
FO
BNE TLP
; set
serve - speed, spot, log, pause
0310
A2
03
LDX #3
0312
BD
24
03
SRV
LDA INIT,X
0315
95
80
STA SPEED, X
0317
CA
DEX
0318
10
F8
BPL SERVE
; reverse ball direction
031A
A5
84
REVRS
LDA DIRECT
031C
18
CLC
031D
49
FF
EOR #$FF
031F
69
01
ADC #1
0321
85
84
STA DIRECT
0323
60
RTS
98
0324 INIT
032D PIX
0331 SPD
0335 SEG
0339 PLAY
0349 CHANCE
0359 end
; tables - in Hexadecimal format
30 08 00 80 01 FF 00 01 00
00 06 30 00
20 20 20 14
08 40 01 49
02 02 01 02 01 03 01 02 03 03 00 02 00 00 02 02
78 B5 9E 76 6E Al AE 75 AA EB 8F 75 5B 56 7A 35
Zero Page:
80: SPEED
81: SPOT -
82: LOG -
83: PAUSE
84: DIRECT
85: PLACE
86: SCORE
87: .PLEFT
88: Sprite
- speed ball travels
segment (s) ball lights
record of recent plays
- delay before ball moves
- direction of ball
- position of ball
- 0 for KIM to play left
- 0 for KIM to play right
***** Hex Dump - Ping Pong *****
0200 20 40 IF 20 6A IF C9 13 DO OA A2 08 BD 24 03 95
0210 80 CA 10 F8 C9 10 B0 22 AA 29 03 F0 04 C9 03 DO
0220 19 45 85 A8 29 04 DO 12 8A 45 84 29 02 F0 0B 98
0230 29 02 DO 69 8A 4A 4A 20 Bl 02 20 40 IF DO 27 C6
0240 83 10 23 A5 80 85 83 18 A5 85 65 84 85 85 29 04
0250 F0 14 A5 85 30 04 A5 88 10 02 A5 87 DO 3F A6 82
0260 BD 39 03 20 Bl 02 A9 7F 8D 41 17 AO 13 A2 01 86
0270 89 A5 86 4A 4A 4A 4A 85 8A A5 86 29 OF AA BD E7
0280 IF 20 A4 02 A6 8A C6 89 10 F4 A2 03 BD 2D 03 E4
0290 85 DO 02 05 81 20 A4 02 CA 10 Fl 30 03 20 E9 02
02A0 D8 4C 00 02 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 C6 8B DO FC 88 88
02B0 60 A8 A6 82 06 82 06 82 05 82 29 OF 85 82 38 A5
02C0 80 E5 83 85 83 B9 31 03 85 80 B9 35 03 85 81 BD
02D0 49 03 88 30 04 4A 4A 10 F9 29 03 OA 85 8C AD 04
02E0 17 29 07 C5 8C F0 33 90 31 A2 04 A5 84 OA OA OA
02F0 OA 10 04 A2 FF A9 01 86 85 18 65 86 85 86 AO 00
0300
AA
29
OF
C9
0B
DO
02
0310
A2
03
BD
24
03
95
80
0320
01
85
84
60
30
CO
00
0330
00
20
20
20
14
08
40
0340
02
03
03
00
02
00
00
0350
75
AA
EB
8F
75
5B
56
84 84 8A 4A 4A 4A 4A DO ' F0
CA 10 F8 A5 84 18 49 FF 69
80 01 FF 00 01 00 00 06 30
01 49 02 02 01 02 01 03 01
02 02 78 B5 9E 76 6E Al AE
7A 35
99
QUICK
By Peter Jennings
Modified by Jim Rutterfield
Description -
Here's a program to test your speed of reaction. Press
"GO" and the display will blank for a random period of time.
When it lights, hit any numbered button. The number on the
display will tell you how quick you were; the smaller the
number, the faster your reaction time. You may play repeatedly,
just press "GO" each time you want a new test.
0300
A5
F9
START
LDA
INH
RANDOMIZE DELAY
0302
2A
ROL
A
. .BY MULTIPLYING
0303
65
F9
ADC
INH
BY 3 AND
0305
29
7F
AND
#$7F
MASKING
WORK M DISPLAY AREA
0307
85
FB
STA
POINTH
0309
20
40
IF
ZIP
JSR
KEY IN
IF YOU CHEAT BY KEYING,
030C
DO
FB
BNE
ZIP
PROGRAM WAITS YOU OUT
030E
E6
FA
INC
POINTL
0310
DO
F7
BNE
ZIP
COUNT DOWN FOR
0312
E6
FB
INC
POINTH
RANDOM DELAY
0314
DO
F3
BNE
ZIP
0316
85
F9
STA
INH
SET TO ZERO
0318
A2
FD
RUN
LDX
#$FD
NEGATIVE THREE
031 A
F8
SED
COUNT IN DECIMAL
031B
38
SEC
ADD VALUE 1
•03 1C
B5
FC
DIGIT
LDA
PQINTH+l.X
031E
69
00
ADC
#$00
ADD IT IN
Q320
95
FC
STA
POINTH+l,X
0322
E8
I NX
MOVE ON TO NEXT DIGITS
0323
DO
F7
BNE
DIGIT
0325
D8
CLD
0326
20
IF
IF
JSR
SCANDS
LIGHT UP COUNT
0329
F0
ED
BEQ
RUN AND KEEP COUNTING
032B
20
IF
IF
STAND
JSR
SCANDS
032E
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
0331
C9
13
CMP
#$13
GO KEY DEPRESSED?
0333
DO
F6
BNE
STAND
NOPE, HOLD IT
0335
F0
C9
BEQ
START
YUP, START OVER
***** Hex Dump - Quick *****
T) I 0 h •., ; < ' A » C
0300- A5 F9 2A 65 F9 29 7F 85 FE 20 40 IF D0 Ft E6 FA
0310- D0 F7 E6 FE D0 F3 85 F9 A2 FD F8 38 B5 FC 69 00
0320- 95 FC E8 D0 F7 D8 20 IF IF F0 EL 20 IF IF 20 6A
0330- IF C9 13 D0 F6 F0 C9
100
REVS USE
By Jin Butterfield
Start at 0200 - the display will show a combination of 6 letters
such as CDBAEF. Hit a number from 2 to six to 'flip' letters.
For example, if you hit 2 with the previous example, the first
two letters will flip over to give DCBAEF. Now if you hit 4,
you'll get the winning combination - ABCDEF - and the display
will signal your win with a line of dashes.
The computer won't limit your number of flips - but try to
get a win in 6 moves or less. By the way, the computer forbids
doing the same flip twice in succession - so you can't back up a move.
0200 E6
0202 20
0205 DO
0207 D8
0208 A2
020A A9
020C 86
020E 95
0210 CA
0211 10
0213 38
0214 A 5
0216 65
0218 65
021A 85
021C A2
021E B5
0220 95
0222 CA
0223
0225
0227
0229 AO
022B C5
022D 90
022F E5
0231 46
0233 88
0234 DO
0236 AA
0237 A4
0239 B9
023C CA
023D 10
023F A 2
0241 B4
0243 DO
0245 95
0247 C6
0249 10
16 START
40 IF
F9
05
00
10
18
10
AO
84
FB
13
16
17
12
04
12
13
F9
CO
11
06
11
02
11
11
F5
10
Fl IF
02
05
18
F7
18
10
C8
ZL00P
RAND
RLP
SET
PASS
TOP
TRY
INC RND+4
JSR KEYIN
BNE START
CLD
LDX #5
LDA #0
STX POINTR
STA WINDOW, X
DEX
BPL ZLOCP
SEC
LDA RND+1
ADC RND+4
ADC RND+5
STA RND
LDX 44
LDA RND.X
STA RND+l.X
DEX
BPL RLP
LDY HCO
STY MOD
LDY #6
CMP MOD
BCC PASS
SBC MOD
LSR MOD
DEY
BNE SET
TAX
LEY POINTR
LDA TABLE+10,
DEX
BPL TRY
LDX #5
LDY WINDCW.X
BNE TOP
STA WINDOW, X
DEC POINTR
BPL RAND
randomize
••Game by Bob Albrecht -
People's Computer Co **
set window to zeros
hash in new random number
move random string down one
divide random 4 by 6
Y digits A to F
find an empty window
and put the digit in
101
024B FO B3
SLINK
oIARl
xxnK uo suarii
024D A 2 05
utest
LDX
fo
+• met
024F B5 18
TE5 T2
LDA
W1NLHJW ,A
win
0251 DD A6 02
CMr
conax uion
0254 DO 0C
BNE
PLAY
0256 CA
DEX
0257 10 F 6
BPL
TE5T2
0259 A 2 05
LDX
#5
025B A9 40
IDA
#$40
set
025D 95 18
SET
STA
WINDOW, X
to
025F CA
DEX
H M
If n
0260 10 FB
BPL
SET
0262 A9 7F
PLAY
LDA
#$7F
directional
0264 8D 41 1?
STA
SADD
registers
0267 AO 09
LDY
#$09
0269 A 2 FA
LDX
#!SFA
negative 5
026B B5 -US
ShUW
LDA
W1NDUW.A
lignt.
026D 8D 40 17
Of*
MA
bAD
uispxay
0270 cC 42 17
SIT
can
Sou
0273 C6 11
sn
DEC
ICD
0275 DO FC
BNE
ST1
0277 C8
I NY
V
*
0278 C8
INY
0279 K8
IivX
027A 30 EF
BPL
SHOW
027c 20 4o 1?
JSR
KEYIN
027F 20 6A IF
JSR
GETKEY
0282 C9 13
CIT
#$13
GO key?
0284 F0 C5
BEQ
SLINK
yes, restart
0286 C9 07
CMP
ft rt
*7
Keys 0 to 6?
0288 B0 C3
BCS
WTEST
no, test win
028A AA
TAX
Keys 1 to 6?
028B F0 D5
BEQ
PLAY
no, exit
028D CA
DEX
Keys 2 to 6 (=1 to 5)?
028E FO D2
BEQ
PLAY
no, exit
0290 E4 10
CPX
P0INTR
Sane key as before?
0292 FO CE
BEQ
PLAY
yes, ignore
0294 86 10
STX
P0INTR
no, we've got a live
0296 B5 18
T0P1
LDA
WINDOW ,X
0298 48
PHA
roll 'em out. . .
0299 CA
DEX
029A 10 FA
BPL
TOPI
029C A 6 10
LDX
P0INTR
029E 68
T0P2
PLA
roll 'era back in
029F 95 18
STA
WINDOW.X
02A1 CA
DEX
02A2 10 FA
BPL
T0P2
02A4 30 BC
BMI
PLAY
02A6 F7 FC B9 WINNER .BYTE $F7,$FC,$B9,$DE,$F9,$F1
02A9 DE F9 Fl
; end
102
By Lew Edwards
Description -
This program is an adaptation of the "Shooting Stars"
game utilizing the keyboard and display of the KIM-1 .
Originally published in the Sept. '74 issue of PCC , a
version also appeared in the May '76 issue of Byte magazine.
The starfield is displayed on the horizontal segments
of the second through fourth digits of the display. The
segments represent stars when lit and are numbered as follows:
Shooting a star creates a hole where the star 7 8 9
was. The resulting "explosion" changes the 4 5 6
condition of certain adjacent stars or holes, 12 3
(stars to holes, or holes to stars) according to the following:
/ Center (5) , Sides (2 ,8) « • » or (4,6) J
Comers (1) ^ f(3) , (7) JnT , (9) ^
The game starts with a star in position 5; the rest
are holes . The object of the game is to reverse the initial
condition, making 5 a hole and all the rest stars. Eleven
moves are the minimum number.
Should you attempt to "shoot" a hole, the first digit
displays a "H" until a star key is pressed. This digit
also displays a valid number selection. A count of valid
moves is given at the right of the display. A win gives
a "F" in the first digit. All holes is a losing situation,
("L" in the first digit) . You may start over at any time
by pressing the "Go" button. The program starts at 0200.
0200
A9
00
BEGN
LDA jf$00
ZERO REGISTERS DO-DA
0202
A2
10
LDX #$10
0204
95
CF
CLOP
STA 00CF,X
0206
CA
DEX
0207
DO
FB
BNE CLOP
0209
A9
40
LDA«*$40
...INITIALIZE DISPLAY...
020B
85
D4
STA 00DR
020D
A9
10
LDA #$10
INIT. STARFIELD
020F
85
DE
STA 00DE
REGISTERS
0211
4A
LSR
0212
85
DF
STA 00 DF
0214
20
DD 02
MLOP
JSR DISP
...DISPLAY...
0217
A6
D3
LDX 00D3
MODE?
0219
DO
50
BNE DELA
MODE=l, DELAY AND UPDATE
021B
20
40 IF
JSR 1F40
MODE=0, GET KEY
021E
F0
F4
BEQ MLOP
NO KEY, RETURN
0220
20
40 IF
JSR 1F40
KEY STILL PRESSED?
0223
F0
EF
BEQ MLOP
NO, RETURN
0225
20
6A IF
JSR GETKEY
YES, GET KEY
0228
C9
13
CMP #$13
"GO" KEY?
022A
F0
D4
BEQ BEGN
YES, START AGAIN
022C
C9
OA
CMP #$0A
OVER 9?
022E
10
E4
BPL MLOP
YES, TRY AGAIN
0230
A8
TAY
USE AS INDEX
103
t
TEASER
0231
F0
El
BEQ
MLOP
0233
85
Dl
STA
0QD1
0235
20
F4
02
JSR
SEG
0238
85
DO
STA
OODO
023A
B9
CA
02
LDA
02CA,Y
023D
CO
06
CMP
#$06
023F
30
06
BMI
SKIP
0241
24
DF
BIT
OODF
0243
DO
OC
BNE
STAR
0245
FO
04
BEQ
HOLE
0247
24
DE
SKIP
BIT
OODE
0249
DO
06
BNE
STAR
024B
A9
76
HOLE
LDA
#$76
024D
85
DO
STA
OODO
024F
DO
C3
BNE
MLOP
0251
F8
STAR
SED
0252
38
SEC
0253
A9
00
LDA
#$00
0255
65
D5
ADC
00D5
0257
85
D5
STA
00D5
0259
D8
CLD
025A
20
F4
02
JSR
SEG
025D
85
DA
STA
00 DA
025F
A5
D5
LDA
00D5
0261
20
FO
02
JSR
LEFT
0264
85
D8
STA
00D8
0266
E6
D3
INC
00D3
0268
4C
14
02
JMP
MLOP
026B
AO
00
DELA
LDY
#$00
026D
20
DD
02
JSR
DISP
0270
88
DEY
0271
DO
FA
BNE
DELA
0273
A6
Dl
LDX 00D1
0275
BD
D3
02
LDA
02D3,X
0278
A8
TAY
0279
EO
06
CPX
#$06
027B
30
08
BMI
LOWF
027D
45
DF
EOR
OODF
027F
85
DF
STA
OODF
0281
98
TYA
0282
AO
00
LDY
#$00
0284
OA
ASL
A
0285
45
DE
LOWF
EOR
OODE
0287
85
DE
STA
OODE
0289
98
TYA
028A
4A
LSR
A
028B
45
DF
EOR
OODF
028D
85
DF
STA
OODF
028F
OA
ASL
A
0290
A5
DE
LDA
OODE
0292
A2
06
LDX
#$06
0? - NOT VALID
1-9 STORE IT
CONVERT TO SEGMENTS
DISPLAY - LEFT DIGIT
GET STAR TEST BIT
TEST KEY #
1-5, SKIP
6-9, TEST HI FIELD
IT'S A STAR
IT'S A HOLE
1 TO 5, TEST LO FIELD
IT'S A STAR
IT'S A HOLE LOAD "H"
DISPLAY-LEFT DIGIT
UNCOND. JUMP
UPDATE COUNT
BY ADDING ONE
STORE IT
UNPACK, CONVERT j
TO SEGMENTS AND 1
DISPLAY IN DIGITS
5 AND 6...
SET MODE TO 1
MAIN LOOP AGAIN
MODE = 1
DELAY ABOUT .8 SEC
WHILE DISPLAYING
KEY # AS INDEX
GET SHOT PATTERN
SAVE IN Y REGISTER
KEY # OVER 5?
NO, GC^TO LOW FIELD
UPDATE HI FIELD, 6-9
RECALL PATTERN, 6-9
NO SHOT 3RD TIME
ALIGN WITH LO FIELD
UPDATE LO FIELD
RECALL PATTERN, 1-5
ALIGN WITH HI FIELD
UPDATE HI FIELD, 1-5
(BLANK SHOT IF 6-9)
SHIFT 9 TO CARRY
GET REST OF FIELD
...STAR DISPLAY...
104
0294
2A
DLOP
ROL
ALIGN WITH DISPLAY
0295
48
PHA
SAVE IT FOR NEXT TIME
0296
29
49
AND #$49
MASK TO HORIZ. SEGS
0298
95
DO
STA 00D0,X
INTO DISPLAY WINDOW
02 9A
68
PLA
RECALL FIELD
029B
CA
DEX
SHIFT TO NEXT
029C
CA
DEX
DISPLAY DIGIT
029D
DO
F5
BNE DLOP
REPEAT TILL DONE
029F
2A
ROL
BIT FOR 5 TO CARRY
02 AO
BO
OE
\ BCS MODE
5 IS STAR, CONTINUE
02A2
FO
08
<s
] BEQ LOSE
5 IS HOLE, ALL HOLES
02A4
C9
FF
/ CMP #$FF
ALL THE REST STARS?
02A6
DO
08
/ BNE MODE
NO
02A8
A9
71
LDA #$71
YES, LOAD "F"
02AA
DO
08
BNE FRST
AND SKIP
02 AC
A9
38
LOSE
LDA #$38
LOAD "L", CLOSE)
02AE
DO
04
BNE FRST
AND SKIP
02B0
C6
D3
MODE
DEC 00D3
SET MODE TO 0
02B2
A9
00
LDA #$00
BLANK FIRST DIGIT
02B4
85
DO
FRST
STA 00 DO
FILL FIRST DIGIT
02B6
DO
03
BNE NONE
END OF GAME
02B8
4C
14
02
J MP MLOP
MAIN LOOP AGAIN 4
02BB
20
DD
02
DONE
JSR DISP
DISPLAY UNTIL
02BE
20
40
IF
JSR 1F40
"GO" KEY IS
02C1
20
6A
IF
JSR GETKEY
PUSHED
02C4
C9
13
CMP #$13
02C6
DO
F3
* BNE DONE
02C8
4C
00
02
JMP BEGN
START A NEW GAME
02CB
01
02
04
08 10
10 20 40 80 IB 07
36 49 BA 92 6C
02DB
EO
D8
soot DISPLAY SUBROUTINE
02DD
A9
7F
DISP
LDA #$7F
TURN ON DISPLAY
02DF
8D
41
17
STA 1741
02E2
A2
09
LDX #$09
02E4
B5
C7
MORE
LDA 00C7,X
PUT I [^SEGMENTS
02E6
84
FC
STY OOFC
SAVE Y
02E8
20
4E
IF
JSR 1F4E
DISPLAY THEM
02EB
EO
15
CPX #$15
DONE? 6 TIMES
02ED
DO
F5
BNE MORE
NO, LOOP
02EF
60
RTS
YES, RETURN
*>*
t5: HEX CONVERSION SUBROUTINE
******
02F0
4A
LEFT
LSR A
02F1
4A
LSR A
02F2
4A
LSR A
02F3
4A
LSR A
02F4
29
OF
SEG
AND #$0F
MASK TO 4 BITS
02F6
A8
TAY
USE AS INDEX
02F7
B9
E7
IF
LDA 1FE7,Y
CONVERT TO SEGMENTS
02FA
60
RTS
RETURN
105
By Joel Swank
Description -
TIMER turns KIM into a digital stopwatch showing up to
99 minutes and 59.99 seconds. It is designed to be accurate
to 50 microseconds per second. The interval timer is used
to count 9984 cycles and the instructions between the time
out and the reset of the timer make up the other 16 cycles
in .01 seconds. The keyboard is used to control the routine
as follows: Stop (0), Go (1), Return to KIM (4), Reset (2).
TIMER
0200
A9 Q£L
BEGN
LDA
#$00
0202
85
F9
STA
INH
ZERO DISPLAY
0204
85
FA
STA
POINTL
0206
85
FB
STA
POINTH
0208
20
IF
IF
HOLD
JSR
SCANDS
LIGHT DISPLAY
020B
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
020E
C9
04
CMP
#$04
KEY 4?
0210
DO
03
BNE
CONT
0212
4C
64
1C
JMP
1C64
RETURN TO KIM
0215
C9
02
CONT
CMP
#$02
KEY 2?
0217
F0
E7
BEQ
BEGN
BACK TO ZERO
0219
C9
01
CMP
#$01
KEY 1? 4
02 IB
DO
EB
BNE
HOLD
021D
A9
9C
LDA
#$9C
02 IF
8D
06
17
STA
1706 ,
SET TIMER
0222
20
IF
IF
DISP
JSR
SCANDS
DISPLAY VALUE
0225
AD
07
17
CLCK
LDA
1707
CHECK TIMER
0228
F0
FB
BEQ
CLCK
022A
8D
00
1C
*
STA
ROM
DELAY 4 MICROSEC.
022D
A9
9C
LDA
#$9C
SET TIMER
022F
8D
06
17
STA
1706
0232
18
CLC
0233
F8
SED
SET FLAGS
0234
A5
F9
LDA
INH
0236
69
01
ADC
#$01
INC. 100THS
0238
85
F9
STA
INH
02 3A
A5
FA
LDA
POJNTL
023C
69
00
ADC
#$00
INC. SECONDS
023E
85
FA
STA
POINTL
0240
C9
60
CMP
#$60
STOP AT 60
0242
DO
0B
BNE
CKEY
0244
A9
00
LDA
#$00
0246
85
FA
STA
POINTL
ZERO SECONDS
0248
A5
FB
LDA
POINTH
02 4A
18
CLC
024B
69
01
ADC
#$01
INC. MINUTES
024D
85
FB
STA
POINTH
024F
D8
CKEY
CLD
0250
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
READ KEYBOARD
0253
C9
00
CMP
#$00
KEY 0?
0255
DO
CB
BNE
DISP
0257
F0
AF
BEQ
HOLD
STOP
106
WUMPUS
By Stan Ockers
Description -
Wumpus lives in a cave of 16 rooms (labeled 0-F). Each room
has four tunnels leading to other rooms (see the figure) . When the
program is started at 0305, you and Wumpus are placed at random in
the rooms. Also placed at random are two bottomless pits (they don't
bother Wumpus, he has sucker-type feet) and two rooms with Super-
bats (also no trouble to Wumpus, he's too heavy). If you enter a bat's
room you are picked up and flown at random to another room. You
will be warned when bats, pits or Wumpus are nearby. If you enter the
room with Wumpus, he wakes and either moves to an adjacent room or
just eats you up (you lose). In order to capture Wumpus, you have
three cans of "mood change" gas. When thrown into a room containing
Wumpus , the gas causes him to turn from a vicious snarling beast
into a meek and loveable creature. He will even come out and give you
a hug. Beware though, once you toss a can of gas in the room, it is
contaminated and you cannot enter or the gas will turn you into a
beast (you lose). ^
If you lose and want everything to stay the same for another try,
start at 0316. The byte at 0229 controls the speed of the display. Once
you get used to the characters , you can speed things up by putting in a
lower number. The message normally given tells, you what room you
are in and what the choices are for the next room. In order to fire
the mood gas, press PC (pitch can?), when the rooms to be selected
are displayed. Then indicate the room into which you want to pitch
the can. It takes a fresh can to get Wumpus (he may move into a room
already gassed) and he will hear you and change rooms whenever a
can is tossed (unless you get him). If Wumpus moves into a room with
a pit or Superbats, he'll be hidden - you won't be told WUMPUS CLOSE.
Either guess, or pitch a can to make him move. Good hunting.
The program is adapted from a game by Gregory Yob which
appears in The Best of Creative Computing.
107
0305
A9
FF
LDA
#$FF
0307
A2
OE
LDX
#$0E
0309
95
CI
INIT
STA
00C1,X
030B
CA
DEX
030C
10
FB
BPL
INIT
030E
A9
03
LDA
#$03
0310
85
EO
STA
00E0
0312
AO
05
LDY
#$05
031*+
10
02
BPL
GETN
0316
AO
00
LDY
#$00
0318
A2
05
GETN
LDX
#$05
031A
20
72
02
JSR
RAND
031D
29
OF
AND
#$0F
031F
D5
CA
CKNO
CMP
00CA,X
0321
FO
F5
BEQ
GETN
0323
CA
DEX
0324
10
F9
BPL
CKNO
0326
99
CA
00
STA
00CA,Y
0329
88
DEY
032 A
10
EC
BPL
GETN
032C
20
B2
02
ADJR
JSR
NXTR
032F
AO
03
LDY
#$03
0331
84
El
STY
0QE1
0333
B9
C6
00
NXTR
LDA
00C6,Y
0336
20
8F
02
JSR
COMP
0339
8A
TXA
033A
30
17
BMI
NOMA
033C
EO
03
CPX
#$03
033E
30
04
BMI
SKP1
0340
A9
19
LDA
#$19
0342
10
OA
BPL
MESS
0344
EO
01
SKP1
CPX
#$01
0346
30
04
BMI
SKP2
0348
A9
OE
LDA
#$0E
034A
10
02
BPL
MESS
034C
A9
00
SKP2
LDA
#$00
034E
AO
01
MESS
LDY
#$01
0350
20
00
02
JSR
SCAN
0353
C6
El
NOMA
DEC
00E1
0355
A4
El
LDY
00E1
0357
10
DA
BPL
NXTR
0359
A4
CA
LDY
OOCA
035B
B9
E7
IF
LDA
1FE7,Y
035E
85
OC
STA
OOOC
0260
A2
03
LDX
#$03
0362
B4
C6
XRO
LDY
00C6,X
0364
B9
E7
IF
LDA
1FE7,Y
0367
95
20
STA
0020,X
0369
CA
DEX
036 A
10
F6
BPL
XRO
036C
AO
00
ROOM
LDY
#$00
036E
98
TYA
036F
20
00
02
JSR
SCAN
...INITIALIZATION...
..CLEAN OUT ROOMS..
INIT. TO FF
FINISHED?
NO
GIVE THREE CANS OF GAS
...RANDOMIZE...
YOU, WUMPUS, PITS AND BATS
(ONLY YOU ENTRY)
. .MAKING SURE ALL
ARE DIFFERENT..
STORE IN 00CA-00CF
SET UP ADJACENT ROOM LIST
HAZARDS IN ADJ. ROOMS?
COMPARE EACH TO HAZARDS
(X CONTAINS MATCH INFO.)
NO MATCH, NO HAZARDS
BATS?
NO «
(BATS NEARBY MESSAGE)
PIT?
NO *
(PIT CLOSE MESSAGE)
MUST BE WUMPUS
(PAGE ONE)
DISPLAY HAZARD MESSAGE
TRY NEXT ADJ. ROOM
FINISHED?
NO
..LOAD AND DISPLAY -
"YOU ARE IN ... TUNNELS
LEAD TO " MESSAGE..
(FOUR NEXT ROOMS)
CONVERSION
PUT IN MESSAGE
FINISHED?
NO
LOCATION AND. .
PAGE OF MESSAGE
DISPLAY MESSAGE
108
0372
20
58
02
JSR DEBO
DEBOUNCE KEY
0375
C9
14
CMP #$14
PC PUSHED?
0377
F0
48
BEQ ROOM
YES
0379
20
C5
02
JSR VALID
AN ADJACENT ROOM?
037C
85
CA
STA OOCA
UPDATE YOUR ROOM
037E
8A
TXA
037F
30
EB
BMI ROOMS
IF X=FF, NOT VALID ROOM
0381
A5
CA
LDA OOCA
CHECK FOR GAS IN ROOM
0383
A2
04
LDX #$04
5 POSSIBLE (EXPANSION)
0385
D5
CI
NXTG
CMP 00C1,X
0387
FO
33
BEQ GASM
GASSED! !
0389
CA
DEX
ALL CHECKED?
038A
10
F9
BPL NXTG
NO
038C
20
8F
02
JSR COMP
CHECK YOUR NEW
038F
8A
TXA
ROOM FOR HAZARDS..
0390
30
9A
BMI ADJR
NO MATCH, NO HAZARDS
0392
EO
03
CPX #$03
0394
10
17
BPL BATM
BATS
0396
EO
01
CPX #$01
0398
10
ID
BPL PITM
PIT! ! !
039A
AO
00
LDY #$00
039C
A9
26
LDA #$26
MUST HAVE BUMPED WUMPUS
039E
20
00
02
JSR SCAN
DISPLAY MESSAGE
03A1
20
99
02
JSR MOVE
. .SEE IF HE MOVES. .
03A4
C5
CA
CMP OOCA
STILL IN YOUR ROOM?
03A6
DO
84
BNE ADJR
NO, YOU'RE O.K.
03A8
A9
26
LDA #$26
HE GOT YOU!
03AA
4C
CF
02
JMP LOSE
03 AD
AO
01
BATM
LDY #$01
BAT MESSAGE
03AF
A9
3D
LDA #$3D
03B1
20
00
02
JSR SCAN
03B4
4C
16
03
JMP CHNG
CHANGE YOUR ROOM
03B7
A9
4F
PITM
LDA #$4F
FELT- IN PIT!
03B9
4C
CF
02
JSR LOSE
03BC
A9
65
GASM
LDA #$65
GAS IN ROOM!
03BE
4C
CF
02
JMP LOSE
03C1
AO
00
ROOM
LDY #$00
PITCH CAN AND SEE..
03C3
A9
B7
LDA #$B7
IF YOU GET HIM
03C5
20
00
02
JSR SCAN
ROOM?
03C8
20
58
02
JSR DEBO
03CB
20
C5
02
JSR VALID
VALID ROOM?
03CE
85
Dl
STA 00D1
03D0
8A
TXA
03D1
30
EE
BMI ROOM
IF X=FF, NOT VALID
03D3
A5
Dl
LDA 00D1
03D5
A6
EO
LDX 00E0
CANS OF GAS LEFT
03D7
95
CO
STA 00C0,X
..IS WUMPUS IN
03D9
C5
CB
CMP OOCB
ROOM GASSED?
03DB
FO
15
BEQ WIN
YES, YOU GOT HIM
03DD
C6
EO
DEC 00E0
DECREASE CAN COUNT
03DF
FO
1A
BEQ OUT
GAS IS GONE
03E1
A6
CB
LDX OOCB
. .MOVE WUMPUS TO AN
03E3
20
B4
02
JSR NEXT
ADJACENT ROOM (FOR HIM)
03E6
20
A5
02
JSR MOVE
109
03E9
C5
CA
CMP
nnrA
HT h UP MA\/c T mta vr\i in nrv
Uiu nt rUVb 1NIU TUUK KO
03EB
FO
BB
RFH
n7AR
U PMO
03ED
4C
DE
02
JMP
02DE
DISPLAY CANS LEFT MESSAGf
Q3F2
AO
01
LDY
#$01
GREATS ETC MESSAGF
03F4
A9
80
LDA
#$80
03F6
20
00
02
JSR
SCAN
03F9
FO
F7
BEQ
WIN
REPEAT
03FB
A9
73
OUT
LDA
#$73
OUT OF GAS!
03FD
4C
CF
02
JMP
LOSE
UZUU
OH
Ut
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1 KANbrtK rUlNltK nlbn
UZUZ
RC
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UU
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uuuu
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UZU4
AO
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020E
C9
00
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#$00
LAST CHARACTER?
f!9 in
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MORE
IF NOT, CONTINUE
(1919
fin
RTS
(191^
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95
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00E8,X
STORE IT
(19 1 R
88
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1707
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fin
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UZ jt
Ay
7F
LDA
#$7F
LnANijt btbrltN lb..
Q240
8D
41
17
STA
PADD
TO OUTPUT
0243
AO
00
LDY
#$00
IN IT.' RECALL INDEX
0245
A2
09
LDX
#$09
INIT. DIGIT NUMBER
0247
B9
E8
00
SIX
LDA
00E8,Y
GET CHARACTER
024A
84
FC
STY
00FC
SAVE Y
024C
20
4E
IF
JSR
1F4E
DISPLAY CHARACTER
110
024F
C8
I NY
SET UP FOR NEXT CHAR.
0250
CO
06
CPY #$06
6 CHAR. DISPLAYED?
0252
90
F3
BCC SIX
NO
0254
20
3D
IF
JSR 1F3D
KEY DOWN?
0257
60
RTS
EXIT
:s:;::{ DEBOUNCE SUBROUTINE """"
0258
20
8C
IE
DEBO
JSR INIT1
025B
20
3E
02
JSR DISP
WA1 1 rOR PKtVIOUS KEY
025E
DQ
F8
BNE DEBO
TA DET DPI CACCh
IU DC KtLtAotU
0260
20
3E
02
SHOW
JSR DISP
WA1 1 rOK NtW KtY 10
0263
F0
FB
BEQ SHOW
BE DEPRESSED
0265
20
3E
02
JSR DISP
r*\ ir~/~- is a/^ A T K i A r*Trn
CHECK AGAIN AFTER
0268
F0
F6
BEQ SHOW
C 1 T PUT pvf — 1 AN/
SLIGHT DELAY
026A
20
6A
IF
JSR GETKEY
GET A KEY
026D
C9
15
CMP #$15
A VALID KEY?
026F
10
E7
BPL DEBO
NO
0271
60
RTS
RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE
0272
8A
DAMP)
TYA
1 Art
0273
48
pi_i A
0274
D8
CLU
KANIJUn tr KUU 1 INt rKOrl
0275
38
bEC
U. BUI ItKrltLU, Kin
0276
A5
LUA UUHI
t ICCD KinTrc -Hi DArc /i
0278
65
ADC 00HH
02 7A
65
45
ADC 0045
027C
85
40
STA 0040
027E
A2
04
LDX #$04
0280
B5
40
NXTN
LDA 0040, X
0282
95
41
STA 0041, X
0284
CA
DEX
0285
10
F9
BPL NXTN
0287
85
CO
STA 00C0
0289
68
PLA
RETURN X REGISTER
02 8A
AA
TAX
028B
A5
CO
LDA 00C0
028D
60
COMPARE
RTS
SUBROUTINE
A9
04
COMP
LDX J$Q4
COMPARE ROOM IN ACC.
CB
HAZD
CMP 00CB,X
WITH EACH HAZARD.
r U
03
BEQ OUT
DEX
J. u
F9
BPL HAZD
X ON EXIT SHOWS MATCH
fin
OUT
RTS
MOVE WUMPUS
SUBROUTINE
n9QQ
o n
iU
72
02
MOVE
JSR RAND
GET A RANDOM #
9Q
OF
AND #$0F
STRIP TO HEX DIGIT
02QE
TP
04
CMP #$04
CHANGE ROOMS 75%
n 9 An
J\>
0D
BMI NOCH
OF THE TIME
02A2
20
B2
02
JSR NEXT
GET ADJ. ROOMS CTO WUN
02A5
AD
06
17
LDA 1706
GET RANDOM #, 0-3
02A8
29
03
AND J $03
02AA
AA
TAX
USE AS INDEX
02AB
B5
C6
LDA 00C6,X
GET AN ADJ. ROOM
02AD
85
CB
STA OOCB
PUT WUMPUS IN IT
111
02AF
A5
CB
NOCK LDA OOCB
WUMPUS ROOM IN ACC.
02B1
60
RTS
LOAD NEXT ROOMS SUBROUTINE "
::j:c
02B2
A6
CA
LDX OOCA
YOUR ROOM AS INDEX
02B4
B5
50
LDA 0050, X
. . . NEXT ROOMS ARE LOADED
02B6
85
C6
STA 00C6
INTO 00C6-00C9 FROM
02B8
B5
60
LDA 0060, X
TABLES . . .
02BA
85
C7
STA 00C7
02BC
B5
70
LDA 0070, X
02BE
85
C8
STA 00C8
02CO
B5
80
LDA 0080, X
02C2
85
C9
STA 00C9
02C4
60
RTS
CHECK VALID SUBROUTINE """"
02C5
A2
03
VALID LDX #$03
... CHECK IF ACC.
02C7
D5
C6
CMP 00C6,X
MATCHS 00C6-00C9 ...
02C9
F0
03
BEQ YVAL
YES, VALID ROOM
02CB
CA
DEX
02CC
10
F9
BPL NXTV
02CE
60
YVAL RTS
!:- LOSE SUBROUTINE
02CF
AO
01
LOSE LDY ;:$01
...DISPLAY REASON LOST,
02D1
20
OOt
02
JSR SCAN
THEN "YOU LOSE" ...
02D4
AO
00
LDY #$00
02D6
A9
AC
LDA #$AC
02D8
20
00
02
JSR SCAN
02DB
4C
D4
02
JMP REPT
!: GAS LEFT MESSAGE """"
02DE
A4
EO
LDY 00E0
GET CANS LEFT
02E0
B9
E7
IF
LDA 1FE7,Y
GET CONVERSION
02E3
85
9F
STA 09F
STORE IN MESSAGE
02E5
AO
00
LDY #$00
(PAGE ZERO)
02E7
A9
90
LDA #$90
DISPLAY CANS OF GAS
02E9
20
00
02
ttL JSR SCAN
LEFT MESSAGE
02EC
4C
2C
03
JMP ADJR ^
♦
***** Messages *****
0000
80
EE
DC
BE
80
F7
DO
F9
80
84
D4
80
EF
80
CO
80
0010
F8
BE
D4
D4
F9
B8
ED
80
B8
F9
F7
DE
80
F8
DC
80
0020
FD
FF
F7
B9
80
00
80
DC
DC
F3
ED
80
CO
80
FC
BE
0030
B7
F3
F9
DE
80
F7
80
9C
BE
B7
F3
BE
ED
80
80
00
*****
Next
Room List *****
0050
02
02
00
01
01
00
03
OH
00
06
07
00
09
OA
01
04
0060
05
03
01
02
03
02
05
06
05
08
09
08
OB
OC
OB
07
0070
08
04
03
04
07
06
07
OA
09
OA
OF
OC
OD
OE
OC
OA
0080
0B
0E
05
06
OF
08
09
OF
OB
OC
OD
OE
OE
OF
OD
OD
112
***** Messages *****
0090
80
B7
84
ED
ED
F9
DE
80
CO
80
DC
D4
B8
EE
80
DE-
00A0
80
B9
F7
D4
ED
80
B8
F9
Fl
F8
80
00
80
EE
DC
BE
00B0
80
B8
DC
ED
F9
80
00
80
DO
DC
DC
B7
D3
80
00
03
n i nn
on
ou
or
RF
R7
r j
RF
FD
Rn
ou
RQ
R8
nr
FD
FQ
nn
u u
80
F3
ni m
UilU
RU
FR
r o
Rn
ou
RQ
dm
RR
DO
rn
FQ
ry
nn
uu
Rn
ou
F7
r /
FR
r o
Fn
Rn
ou
RQ
U u
RR
D O
FD
FQ
OU
nn
Rn
ou
Ffi
F7
r /
Rn
ou
Ffi
F7
Rn
ou
Qf
RF
R7
n i ^n
FX
i -/
RF
FD
Rn
RD
FR
t o
Rn
ou
FF
DC
RF
UL.
Rn
ou
nn
uu
sn
FD
RE
n iun
U i^rU
FX
FQ
nn
FT
F7
F8
r o
Rn
ou
FD
L*H
F7
FR
r o
RQ
Dy
Ffi
ru
Rn
ou
nn
uu
Rn
ou
rp
Ct
pp
QLl
OH
OH
FQ
ry
PO
FQ
ry
on
ou
pi
r J.
PQ
ry
DO
DO
DO
an
OH
nil
DH
Rn
ou
0160
F3
84
F8
80
00
80
BD
F7
ED
80
84
D4
80
DO
DC
DC
0170
B7
80
00
80
DC
BE
F8
80
DC
Fl
80
BD
F7
ED
80
00
0180
80
80
80
80
80
BD
DO
F9
F7
F8
CO
80
EE
DC
BE
80
0190
BD
F9
F8
80
F7
80
F6
BE
BD
80
Fl
DO
DC
B7
80
9C
01A0
BE
B7
F3
BE
ED
80
00
***** Hex Dump - Main Program *****
Wumpus
0200
84
DE
85
DD
A9
07
85
DF
AO
05
A2
05
Bl
DD
C9
00
0210
DO
01
60
95
E8
£8
CA
10
F3
D8
18
98
65
DF
85
DC
0220
20
28
02
A4
DC
4C
OA
02
A2
03
86
DB
A9
52
8D
07
0230
17
20
3E
02
2C
07
17
10
F8
C6
DB
DO
EF
60
A9
7F
0240
8D
41
17
AO
00
A2
09
B9
E8
00
84
FC
20
4E
IF
C8
0250
CO
06
90
F3
20
3D
IF
60
20
8C
IE
20
3E
02
DO
F8
0260
20
3E
02
F0
FB
20
3E
02
F0
F6
20
6A
IF
C9
15
10
0270
E7
60
8A
48
D8
38
A5
41
65
44
65
45
85
40
A2
04
0280
B5
40
95
41
CA
10
F9
85
CO
68
AA
A5
CO
60
60
A2
0290
04
D5
CB
F0
03
CA
10
F9
60
20
72
02
29
OF
C9
04
02 AO
30
0D
20
B2
02
AD
06
17
29
03
AA
B5
C6
85
CB
A5
02B0
CB
60
A6
CA
B5
50
85
C6
B5
60
85
C7
B5
70
85
C8
02C0
B5
80
85
C9
60
A2
03
D5
C6
F0
03
CA
10
F9
60
AO
02D0
01
20
00
02
AO
00
A9
AC
20
00
02
4C
D4
02
A4
E0
02E0
B9
E7
IF
85
^
AO
00
A9
90
20
00
02
4C
2C
03
F6
02F0
BE
BD
80
Fl
DO
DC
B7
80
9C
BE
B7
F3
BE
ED
80
00
0300
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
A9
FF
A2
0E
95
CI
CA
10
FB
A9
03
0310
85
E0
AO
05
10
02
AO
00
A2
05
20
72
02
29
OF
D5
0320
CA
F0
F5
CA
10
F9
99
CA
00
88
10
EC
20
B2
02
AO
0330
03
84
El
B9
C6
00
20
8F
02
8A
30
17
E0
03
30
04
0340
A9
19
10
OA
E0
01
30
04
A9
0E
10
02
A9
00
AO
01
0350
20
00
02
C6
El
A4
El
10
DA
A4
CA
B9
E7
IF
85
OC
0360
A2
03
B4
C6
B9
E7
IF
95
20
CA
10
F6
AO
00
98
20
0370
00
02
20
58
02
C9
14
F0
48
20
C5
02
85
CA
8A
30
0380
EB
A5
CA
A2
04
D5
CI
F0
33
CA
10
F9
20
8F
02
8A
0390
30
9A
E0
03
10
17
E0
01
10
ID
AO
00
A9
26
20
00
03A0
02
20
99
02
C5
CA
DO
84
A9
26
4C
CF
02
AO
01
A9
03B0
3D
20
00
02
4C
16
03
A9
4F
4C
CF
02
A9
65
4C
CF
03C0
02
AO
00
A9
B7
20
00
02
20
58
02
20
C5
02
85
Dl
03D0
8A
30
EE
A5
Dl
A6
E0
95
CO
C5
CB
F0
15
C6
E0
F0
03E0
1A
A6
CB
20
B4
02
20
A5
02
C5
CA
F0
BB
4C
DE
02
03F0
EA
EA
AO
01
A9
80
20
00
02
F0
F7
A9
73
20
CF
02
113
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Load this fully relocatable program anywhere.
Once it starts, key in the last two digits of
a branch instruction address; then the last two
digits of the address to which you are branching;
and read off the relative branch address.
For example, to calculate the branch to ADDR near the
end of this programs hit 26 (from 0026); 20 (to 0020)
and read F8 on the two right hand digits of the display.
The program must be stopped with the RS key-
0000
D8
START
OLD
0001
18
CLC
0002
A5 FA
LDA
POINTL
0004
E5 FB
SBC
POINTH
0006
85 F9
STA
INH
0008
C6 F9
DEC
INH
000A
20 IF
IF
JSR
SCANDS
000D
20 6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
0010
C5 F3
CMP
EAST
0012
FO EG
BEQ
START
0014
85 F3
STA
LAST
0016
C9 10
CMP
#$10
0018
BO E6
BCS
START
001A
OA
ASL
A
001B
OA
ASL
A
001C
OA
ASL
A
001D
OA
ASL
A
001E
A2 04
LDX
#4
0020
OA
ADDR
ASL
A
0021
26 FA
ROL
POINTL
0023
26 FB
ROL
POINTH
0025
CA
DEX
0026
DO F8
BNE
ADDR
0028
FO D6
BEQ
START
BRANCH
Keep in mind that the maximum "reach" of a branch instruction
is 127 locations forward (7F) or 128 locations backward (80).
If you want a forward branch, aheck that the calculated branch
is in the range 01 to 7F. Similarly, be sure that a backward
branch produces a value from 80 to FE. In either case, a value
outside these limits means that your desired branch is out of
reach .
115
BROWSE
Load BROWSE anywhere in memory - it's fully relocatable -
start it ut>, and presto.' It doesn't seem to do anything.
BROWSE is a mini-Monitor that performs most of the functions
of the regular KIM monitor; but you'll find it handy for entering
and proof -reading programs. Most of the keys work the same as
usual; but PC, +, and DA are slightly different.
When you hit + you go to the next address as usual . . but then
you keep on going.' Great for proofreading a program you've
just entered. It lets you browse through memory.
Hit PC and the program steps backwards, so you can look at
a value you've just passed. All other keys instantly freeze
the browsing process; you can hit AD or DA to stop on a given
address, or just enter a new address if you wish.
Key DA operates a little differently from the regular KIM
function. To enter data, first set up the address before
the one you want to change. As you enter the data, BROWSE
will automatically step forward to the next address - and
then the next one, and so on. You never need to hit the +
key during entry; and the display will show the last value
you have entered. %
0110
D8
START
CLD
clear decimal mode
0111
A9
13
LDA
GO key image
0113
85
FE
STA
CHAR
0115
A9
00
LDA
00
value zero. .
0117
85
FA
STA
POINTL
..to address pointer
0119
85
FB
STA
POINTH
011B
C6
F3
LOOP
DEC
WAIT
main program loop
011D
DO
OE
>
BNE
LP1
pause 1 second
011F
A5
FD
LDA
TMPX
up or down?
0121
FO
OA
BEQ
LP1
neither
0123
10
69
BPL
UP
012$
A5
FA
LDA
POINTL
down, decrement
0127
DO
02
BNE
DOWN
next page?
0129
C6
FB
DEC
POINTH
012B
C6
FA ,
DOWN
DEC
POINTL
012D
20
19 3F
LP1
JSR
SCAND
light display
0130
20
6A IF
JSR
GETKEY
check keys
0133
C5
FE
CMP
CHAR
same key as last time?
0135
FO
Eli
BEQ
LOOP
0137
85
FE
STA
CHAR
note new key input
0139
C9
15
CMP
#*15
no key?
013B
FO
DE
BEQ
LOOP
yes, skip
013D
A2
00
LDX
#0
013F
86
FD
STX
TMPX
clear up /down flag
116
C9
10
CMP #$10
numeric?
011*3
90
1C
BCC NUM
yes, branch
011*5
86
F!*
STX DIGIT
011*7
C9
11
CMP 4$ 11
DA?
011*9
FO
°1
BEQ OVER
yes. leave X*0
0U*B
E8
INX
no. set X=l
011*0
86
FF OVER
STX MODE
0 or 1 into MODE
01l*E
C9
12
CMP #$12
+?
0150
DO
02
BNE PASS
no, skip
015?
E6
FD
INC TMPX
yes, set browse
0151*
C9
11* PASS
CMP #$11*
PC?
oi56
DO
02
BNE PASS2
no, skip
0158
C6
FD
DEC TMPX
yes, down-browse
015A
C9
13 PASS 2
CMP #$13
GO?
oi5c
DO
CF
BNE LP1
no, loop
015E
ho
C8 ID
JMP GOEXEC
start program
; numeric (hex) entry comes here
0161
OA
OA NUM
AS LA ASLA
position digit
0163
OA
OA
ASLA ASLA
to left
oi65
85
FC
STA TEMP
0167
A2
01*
LDX #1*
I* bits to move
0169
Al*
FF
LDY MODE
AD or DA?
016B
DO
17
BNE ADDR
branch if AD mode
016D
C6
Fi*
DEC DIGIT
time to step?
016F
10
07
BPL SAME
no, skip
0171
20
63 IF
JSR INCPT
yes, step
0171*
E6
Ft*
INC DIGIT
^.and restore
0176
E6
Fl*
INC DIGIT
. .digit count
0178
Bl
FA SAME
LDA (POINTL),Y get data
01 7A
06
FC DADA
ASL TEMP
move a bit. .
017C
2A
ROL A
. .into data
017D
91
FA
STA (P0INTL),Y
017F
CA
DEX
0180
DO
F8
BNE DADA
last bit?
0182
BEQ LP1
yes , exit
0181*
OA
ADDR
ASL A
move bits
0185
26
FA
ROL POINTL
into address
0187
26
FB
ROL POINTH
0189
CA
DEX
018A
DO
F8
BNE ADDR
018C
FO
9F
BEQ LP1
j increment address for browsing
018E
20
63 IF UP
JSR INCPT
0191
AA
TAX
0192
10
99
BPL LP1
0191*
end
117
DIRECTORY
Jim Butierfield
Ever thought about the best way to organize your programs on tape?
I used to call the first program on each tape number 01, the next 02, etc.
Mostly I was afraid of forgetting the ID number and having trouble reading
it in. Program DIRECTORY (below) fixes up that part of the problem and
liberates you to choose a better numbering scheme.
You've got 25k program IDs to choose from ... enough for most program
libraries with some to spare.
So every program and data file would carry a unique number ... and if
you've forgotten what's on a given tape, just run DIRECTORY and get all the
IDs.
Another thing that's handy to know is the starting address (SA) of a
program, expecially if you want to copy it to another tape,. (Ending add-
resses are easy ... just load the program, then look at the contents of
17ED and 17EE). Well, DIRECTORY shows starting addresses, too.
The program is fully relocatable, so put it anywhere convenient.
Start at the first instruction (0000 in the listing). Incidentally, 0001
to 001D of this program are functionally identical to the KIM monitor 188C
to 18C1.
After you start the program, start your audio tape input. When DI-
RECTORY finds a program, it will display the Start Address (first four
digits) and the Program ID. Hit any key and it will scan for the next
program .
ACM ( 0100 00
t^M- 3
0000
D8
GO
CLD
0001
A9
07
LDA
nor?
Directional reg
0003
**D
kz
17
STA
SBD
0006
20
41
1A
SYN
JSR
RDBIT
Scan thru bits...
0009
kG
F9
LSR
INH
..shifting new bit
000B
05
F9
ORA
INH
..into left of
000D
85
F9
STA
INH
..byte INH
000F
C9
16
TST
CMP
#S16
SYNC character? -
0011
DO
F3
BNE
SYN
no, back to bits
0013
20
2k
1A
JSR
RDCHT
get a character
0016
C6
F9
DEC
INH
count 22 SYNC's
0018
10
F5
BPL
TST
001A
C9
2A
CMP
#S2A
then test astk
001C
DO
Fl
BNE
TST
..or SYNC
001E
A2
FD
LDX
#3FD
if asterisk,
0020
20
F3
19
RD
JSR
RDBYT
stack 3 bytes
0023
95
FC
STA
POINTH+1
,X into display
0025
E8
INX
area ^
0026
30
F8
BMI
RD
0028
20
IF
IF
SHOW
JSR
SCANDS
...and shine
002B
DO
D3
BNE
GO
until keyed
002D
FO
F9
BEQ
SHOW
at's all folks
118
by Jim Butterf ield
How long does it take you to load a full IK of KIM-1
memory? Over two minutes? And if you're going for
memory expansion, how long will it take you to load
your 8K? Twenty minutes ?
Hold onto your hats . Program HYPERTAPE ! will write
fully compatible tapes in a fraction of the time.
You can load a full IK in 21 seconds.
Fully compatible means this: once you've written
a tape using HYPERTAPE! you can read it back in using
the normal KIM-1 program (starting at 1873 as usual).
And the utilities and daagnostic programs work on this
super-compressed data (e.g., DIRECTORY and VUTAPE) .
You'll need some memory space for the program, of course.
If you have memory expansion, there'll be no problem
finding space, of course. But if you're on the basic
KIM-1, as I am, you'll have to "squeeze in" HYPERTAPE!
along with the programs you're dumping to tape. I try
to leave page 1 alone usually (the stack can overwrite
your program due to bugs); so I stage HYPERTAPE! in
that area. For the convenience of relocation, the
listing underlines those addresses that will need
changing. There are also four values needed in page zero
which you may change to any convenient location.
For those interested in the theory of the thing, I
should^piention: HYPERTAPE! is not the limit. If you
wished to abandon KIM-1 monitor compatibility, you
could continue to speed up tape by a factor of 4 or 5
times more. Can you imagine reading IK in four seconds?
For the moment, however, HYPERTAPE! is plenty fast for me.
010A 85 F5
010C A9 BF
0102 8D EC 17
0105 20 32 19
0108 A9 27
0100 A9 AD
;this program also included in Super-dupe
DUMP LDA #$AD
STA VEB
JSR INTVEB set up sub
LDA #$27
STA GANG flag for SBD
0115 20 61 01
0118 A9 2A
010E 8D 43 17
0111 A2 64
0113 A9 16
LDA #$BF
STA PBDD
LDX #$64
LDA #$16
JSR HIC
LDA #$2A
011A 20 88 01
011D AD F9 17
0120 20 _70_01
0123 AD F5 17
JSR OUTCHT
LDA ID
JSR OUTBT
LDA SAL
119
A 1 A C
0126
A A
20
6P
A 1
01
JSR
OUTBTC
A 1 A ft
0129
AD
F6
17
LDA
SAH
012C
A A
20
6_D_
A 1
-01
JSR
OUTBTC
A 1 A 1~l
012F
A A
20
EC
17
DUMPT4
JSR
VEB
0132
20
6D_
01
JSR
OUTBTC
0135
20
EA
19
JSR
INCVEB
0138
AD
ED
17
LDA
VEB+1
013B
CD
F7
17
CMP
EAL
013E
AD
EE
17
LDA
VEB +2
0141
ED
F8
17
SBC
EAH
0144
90
E9
BCC
DUMPT4
0146
A9
2F
LDA
#$2F
0148
20
88
01
JSR
OUTCHT
014B
AD
E7
17
LDA
CHKL
AT A T"»
014E
20
■? A
7JL
■SIX
JSR
/NTTinn art
OUTBT
0151
AD
E8
17
LDA
CHKH
0154
20
70
_01
EXIT
JSR
OUTBT
0157
A2
02
LDX
#$02
0159
A9
04
LDA
#$04
015B
20
61
01
JSR
HIC
015E
4C
5C
18
JMP
DISPZ
; subroutines
0161
86
Fl
HIC
STX
TIC
m fi t
A Q
4 O
HIC1
PHA
m fi a
z u
88
01
JSR
OUTCHT
m fi 7
fiH
D O
PLA
UlOO
Pfi
Fl
DEC
TIC
UlDn
F7
BNE
HIC1
n l fir
fin
RTS
016D
20
4C
19
OUTBTC
JSR
CHKT
0170
48
>
OUTBT
PHA
0171
4A
LSR
A
0172
4A
LSR
A
0173
4A
LSR
A
0174
4A
LSR
A
0175
20
_01
JSR
HEXOUT
0178
68
PLA
01 79
20
7D
01
JSR
HEXOUT
017C
60
RTS
017D
29
OF
HEXOUT
AND
#$0F
017F
C9
OA
CMP
#$0A
0181
18
CLC
0182
30
02
BMI
HEX1
0184
69
07
ADC
#$07
0186
69
30
HEX!
ADC
#$30
0188
AO
07
OUTCHT
LDY
#$07
01. 8 A
84
F2
STY
COUNT
018C
AO
02
TRY
LDY
#$02
018E
84
F3
STY
TRIB
0190
BE
BE
_01
ZON
LDX
NPUL, Y
0193
48
PHA
120
0194
2C
47 17
Z0N1
BIT
CLKRDI
0197
10
FB
BPL
ZON1
0199
B9
ii£_J)l
LDA
TIMG, Y
019C
8D
44 17
STA
CLK1T
019F
A5
F5
LDA
GANG
01A1
49
80
EOR
#$80
01A3
8D
42 17
STA
SBD
01A6
85
F5
STA
GANG
01A8
CA
DEX
01A9
DO
E9
BNE
ZON1
01AB
68
PLA
01 AC
C6
F3
DEC
TRIB
01AE
FO
05
BEQ
SETZ
01B0
30
07
BMI
ROUT
01B2
4A
LSR
A
01B3
90
DB
BCC
ZON
01B5
AO
00
SETZ
LDY
#0
01B7
FO
D7
BEQ
ZON
01B9
C6
F2
ROUT
DEC
COUNT
U Ldd
xu
tJ?
BPL
TRY
01BD
60
RTS
; frequency/density controls
01BE
02
NPUL
•BYTE $02
01BF
C3
03 7E
TIMG
.BYTE $C3,$03,$7E
*****
Hex Dump
- Hypertape *****
0100- A9 AD 8D EC 17 20 32 19 A9 27 85 F5 A9 EF 8D A3
0110- 17 A2 64 A9 16 20 61 01 A9 2A 20 88 01 AD F9 17
0120- 20 70 01 AD F5 17 20 6D 01 AD F6 17 20 6D 01 20
0130- EC 17 20 6D 01 20 EA 19 AD ED 17 CD F7 17 AD EE
0140- 17 ED F8 17 90 E9 A9 2F 20 88 01 AD E7 1 7 20 70
0150- 01 AD E8 17 20 70 01 A2 02 A9 04 20 61 01 4C 5C
0160- 18 86 Fl 48 20 88 01 68 C6 Fl D0 F7 60 20 4C 19
0170- 48 4A 4A 4A 4A 20 7D 01 68 20 7D 0 1 60 29 0F C9
0180- 0A 18 30 02 69 07 69 30 A0 07 84 F2 A0 02 84 F3
0190- BE BE 01 48 2C 47 17 10 FB B9 EF 01 8D 44 17 A5
01A0- F5 49 80 8D 42 17 85 F5 CA D0 E9 68 C6 F3 F0 05
01B0- 30 07 4A 90 DB A0 00 F0 D7 C6 F2 10 CF 60 02 C3
01C0- 03 7E
Thanks go to Julien Dube for his help in staging early
versions of HYPERTAPE !
121
MEMORY TEST :
Testing RAM isn't just a question of storing a value and
then checking it. It 's important to test for interference
between locations. Such tests often involve writing to one
location and then checking all other locations to see they
haven't been disturbed; this can be time consuming.
This nropram checks memory thoroughly and runs exceptionally
fast. It is adapted from an algorithm by Knai7uk and Hartmann
published in 'IEEE Transactions on Computers', Anril 1977.
The program first puts value FF in every location under test.
Then it puts 00 in every third location, after which it tests
all locations for correctness. The test is repeated twice more
with the positions of the 00's changed each time. Finally,
the whole thing is repeated with the FF and 00 values interchanged.
To run: Set the addresses of the first and last memory pages
you wish to test into locations 0000 and 0001 respectively.
Start the program at address 0002j it will halt with a memory
address on the display. If no faults were found, the address
will be one location past the last address tested. If a fault
is found, its address will be displayed.
Example: To test 0100 to 02FF (pages 01 and 02) in KIM:
Set 0000 to 01, 0001 to 02, start program at 0002. If memory
is good, see 0300 (-02FF + 1). Now if you try testing
0100 to 16FF (0000-01, 0001-16) the piflgram will halt at
the first bad location - this will be 0U00 if you haven't
added memory.
0000
XX
BEGIN
XX
starting page for test
0001
XX
END
XX
ending page for test
0002
A9
00
START
IDA
#0
zero pointers
000U
A8
TAY
for low- order
0005
85
FA
STA
POINTL
addresses;
0007
85
70
BIGLP
STA
FLAG
-00 first pass, -FF second pass
0009
A2
02
LDX
#2
000B
86
72
STX
MOD
set 3 tests each pass
000D
A5
00
PASS
LDA
BEGIN
set pointer to. .
000F
85
FB
STA
POINTH
..start of test area
0011
A6
01
LDX
END
0013
A5
70
LDA
FLAG
0015
U9
FF
EOR
#$FF
reverse FLAG
0017
85
71
STA
FLIP
..-FF first pass. -00 second pass
0019
91
FA
CLEAR
STA
(POINTL). Y write above FLIP value..
001B
C8
INT
..into all locations
001C
DO
FB
BNE
CLEAR
001E
E6
FB
INC
POINTH
0020
EU
FB
CPX
POINTH
0022
BO
F5
BCS
CLEAR
122
• FLIP
value in all locations - now change 1 in 3
0021*
A6
72
LDX MOD
0026
A5
00
IDA BEGIN
set pointer. .
0028
85
FB
STA POINTH
. .back to start
002A
A5
**✓
70
FILL
LDA FIAG
change value
002C
CA
TOP
DEX
002D
10
Oh
"4
BPL SKIP
skip 2 out of 3
002F
A2
02
LDX #2
restore 3-counter
0031
91
FA
STA (POINTL),Y change 1 out of 3
0033
C8
SKIP
INT
003h
DO
F6
BNE TOP
0036
E6
FB
IMC POINTH
new page
OO38
A5
01
LDA END
have we passed. .
00 3A
c5
FB
CMP POINTH
..end of test area?
003C
BO
EC
BCS FILL
nope, keep going
; memory set up -
now test it
003E
A5
00
LDA BEGIN
set pointer. .
00^0
85
FB
STA POINTH
. .back to start
OOk 2
A6
72
LDX MOD
set ud 3-counter
OOkh
a5
71
POP
LDA FLIP
test for FLIP value..
00)i6
OA
DEX
. .2 out of 3 times. .
00)i 7
10
0)1
BPL SLIP
- or -
onliQ
A?
LDX #2
1 out of 3. .
00i|B
A^
70
LDA FLAG
test for FLAG value;
OOljD
Dl
FA
SLIP
CMP (POINTL).Y here's the test...
ooUf
DO
15
BNE OUT
branch if failed
0051
G8
INT
00^2
DO
FO
BNE POP
oo5U
E6
FB
INC POINTH
0056
A5
01
LDA END
OQ58
c5
FB
CMP POINTH
oo£a
BO
E8
BCS POP
; above test OK -
cHShge & repeat
005c
C6
72
DEC MOD
change 1/3 position
005E
10
AD
BPL PASS
..& do next third
0060
A5
70
LDA FLAG
invert. .
0062
U9
FF
EOR #ftFF
..flag for pass two
0061;
30
Al
BUT BIGLP
0066
8U
FA
OUT .
STY POINTL
put low order adds to disnlay
0068
UC
Uf ic
JMP START
...and exit to KIM
006B
***** Hex Dump - Memory Test *****
0000 00 00 A9 00 A8 85 FA
0010 FB A6 01 A5 70 49 FF
0020 E4 FB BO F5 A6 72 A5
0030 02 91 FA C8 DO F6 E6
0040 85 FB A6 72 A5 71 CA
0050 15 C8 DO FO E6 FB A5
0060 A5 70 49 FF 30 Al 84
85 70 A2 02 86 72 A5 00 85
85 71 91 FA C8 DO FB E6 FB
00 85 FB A5 70 CA 10 04 A2
FB A5 01 C5 FB BO EC A5 00
10 04 A2 02 A5 70 Dl FA DO
01 C5 FB BO E8 C6 72 10 AD
FA 4C 4F IC
123
MINI DIS
By Dan Lewart
One day I was single -stepping through a program and not
being too alert, I kept going after the program ended.
Then I noticed I was going through instructions not in any
OP-code table. What was being executed? With a little
luck I found that many nonexistent codes would duplicate
others with only one bit changed. I haven't looked into
it very deeply, but here are two examples: 17 is the same
as 16 (ASL-Z, PAGE) and FF is the same as FE (INC ABS,X).
By single -stepping I could determine the number of bytes
in all instructions & ThiSiworked for all instructions except
for^,12,22?32,42,^,6z,72,92,B2,D2 and F2 , which
blank the display. After filling in the Bytes per Instruction
table many patterns became obvious. For example, the
op-code ending with digits 8 and A could be summarized as
having a bit pattern of xxxxlOxO, where "x" means don't
care. This covers all possibilities and when a number of
this form is ANDed with 00001101 (mask all the x bits) the
result will be 00001000. By doing this for all 0 (illegal) ,
1 and 3 byte instructions and having the 2 byte instructions
"whatever's left over" I had the basis of my semi-disassembler.
The only odd byte length is that of 20 (JSR) which "should"
be only 1 byte long.
Though this is not a full disassembler, it has helped me to
write several programs, including itself. To relocate the
program change locations 374-6, 379-B and 38E-390 to jump
to the appropriate locations. If you have a program in page
1 or don't want to write on the stack, change 397 and 39A
to EA (NOP) .
To run the program, store 00 in 17FA and 03 in 17FB. Go
to the beginning of your program and press "ST" . You will
then see the first instruction displayed. If it is illegal, the
location and opcode will flash on and off. In that case, press
"RS". To display the next instruction press 'J)^Fto display
the current address and opcode press "Q&' , at anytime. To
backstep press g When you have backstepped to the
beginning of your program, or changed locations 397 and 39A,
pressing "B" acts like "PC".
0300
D8
START
SED
0301
A2
FF
LDX #$FF
INITIALIZE
0303
9A
TXS
POINTER
0 304
AO
00
INIT
LDY #$00
(E6-EE)=0
0306
A2
09
LDX #$09
0308
94
E5
INITl
STY 00E5,X
030A
CA
DEX
030B
DO
FB
BNE INITl
030D
E8
I NX
X=l
124
030E
Bl
FA
LENGTH
LDA (POINTL),Y GET OPCODE, FIND LENGTH
0310
C9
20
CMP#$20
ANALYZE BIT PATTERNS
0312
F0
3B
BEQ 3BYTE *
%00 100000 ; 3 BYTES
0314
29
9F
AND #$9F
"X" MEANS DON'T CARE
0316
FO
35
BEQ 1BYTE
%0XX00000 ; 1 BYTE (20)
0318
C9
92
CMP #$92
031A
FO
1A
BEQ FLASH
%1XX10010 ; ILLEGAL (B2,D2)
031C
A8
TAY
STORE TEMPORARILY
031D
29
ID
AND #$1D
031F
C9
19
CMP #$19
0321
FO
2C
BEQ 3BYTE
%XXX110X1 ; 3 BYTES (59, B9)
0323
29
OD
AND 34 OD
0325
C9
08
CMP #$08
0327
FO
24
BEQ 1BYTE
%XXXXX0X0 ; 1 BYTE (D8,4A)
0329
29
OC
AND #$0C
032B
C9
OC
CMP #$0C
032D
FO
20
BEQ 3BYTE
%XXXX11XX ; 3 BYTES (4C,EE)
032F
98
TYA
RESTORE
0330
29
8F
AND #$8F
0332
C9
02
CMP #$02
%0XXX0010 ; ILLEGAL (22,52)
0334
DO
18
BNE 2 BYTE
ALL LEFTOVERS ; 2 BYTES
0336
E6
EC
FLASH
INC OOEC
FLIP BIT 0
0338
A9
FF
LDA #$FF
LOOP FOR 1/4 SEC.
033A
8D
07
17
STA 1707
033D
A5
EC
FLASH 1
LDA OOEC
BLINK ON OR OFF
033F
29
01
AND #$01
0341
FO
03
BEQ FLASH2
BIT 0=0 ; BLINK OFF
0343
20
19
IF
JSR SCAND
BIT 0=1 ; BLINK ON
0346
2C
07
17
FLASH2
BIT 1707
0349
30
EB
BMI FLASH
034B
10
FO
BPL FLASH 1
034D
E8
1BYTE
INX
034E
E8
2 BYTE
INX
034F
8A
3 BYTE
TXA CENTER CODE
0350
49 07
EOR #$07
0352
85 ED
STA COED
0354
A4 EE
CONVRT
LDY # $EE
LOOP FOR EACH BYTE
0356
Bl
FA
LDA (POINTL),Y CONVERT AND STORE
0358
48
PHA
IN E6 - EB
0359
4A 4A
LSR's
035B
4A 4A
LSR's
035D
A8
TAY
035E
B9 E7
IF
LDA TABLE, Y
0361
95 E5
STA 00E5,X
0363
E8
INX
0364
68
PLA
0365
2 9 OF
AND #$0F
0367
A8
TAY
0368
B9 E7
IF
LDA TABLE, Y
036B
95 E5
STA 00E5,X
036D
E8
INX
036E
E6 EE
INC OOEE
0370
E4 ED
CPX OOED
0372
90 EO
BCC CONVRT
0374
20 AF 03
K DOWN JSR DISP
DISPLAY UNTIL ALL KEYS
0377
DO FB
BNE K DOWN
ARE UP
0379
20 AF 03
K UP
JSR DISP
DISPLAY AND GET KEY
125
i
037C
20 6A IF
JSR GET KEY
037F
C9 OP
B?
CMP #$0B
IS "B" PRESSED?
0381
DO OE
BNE PLUS?
NO, BRANCH
0383
BA
BCKSTP
TSX
0384
EO FF
CPX #$FF
IS STACK EMPTY?
0386
FO 20
BEQ WINDOW YES , ACT LIKE "PC"
0388
68
PLA
PULL FB AND FA
0389
85
FB
STA OOFB
DISPLAY WORD
038B
68
PLA
038C
85 FA
STA OOFA
038E
4C
04
03
NEWORD JMP INIT
0391
C9 d*=
PLUS?
CMP
IS "-p PRESSED?
0393
DO
OF
BNE
PC?
NO, BRANCH
0395
A5
FA
STEP
LDA
OOFA
PUSH FA AND FB
0397
48
PHA
0398
A5
FB
LDA
OOFB
039 A
48
PHA
039B
20
63
IF
STEP 1
JSR
INCPT
FIND NEW LOCATION
039E
C6
EE
DEC
OOEE
DISPLAY WORD
03 AO
FO
EC
BEQ
NEWORD
03A2
DO
F7
BNE
STEP 1
IS '|00 PRESSED?
03A4
C9
PC?
CMP
#$14
03A6
DO
Dl
BNE
K UP
NO, GET KEY
03A8
20
19
IF
WINDOW
JSR
SCAND
DISPLAY LOCATION
03AB
FO
CC
BEQ
K UP
UNTIL KEY RELEASED
03AD
DO
F9
BNE
WINDOW
THEN GET KEY
03AF
A9
7F
DISP
LDA
#$7F
SEGMENTS TO OUTPUT
03B1
8D
41
17
STA
PADD
03B4
A2
08
LDX
#$08
INITIALIZE
03B6
AO
00
LDY
#$00
03B8
84
FC
DISP 1
STY
OOFC
03BA
B9
E6
00
LDA
00E6,Y
GET CHARACTER
03BD
20
4E
IF
JSR
1F4E
DISPLAY CHARACTER '
03C0
C8
I NY
NEXT CHARACTER
03C1
CO
06
CPY
#$06
03C3
90
F3
BCC
DISP1
03C5
4C
3D
IF
JMP
1F3D
DONE, KEY DOWN?
***** HEX DUMP - MINI DIS *****
0300
D8
A2
FF
9A AO
00
A2
09
94
E5
CA
DO
FB
E8
Bl
FA
0310
C9
20
FO
3B 29
9F
FO
35
C9
92
FO
1A
A8
29
ID
C9
0320
19
FO
2C
29 OD
C9
08
FO
24
29
OC
C9
OC
FO
20
98
0330
29
8F
C9
02 DO
18
E6
EC
A9
FF
8D
07
17
A5
EC
29
0340
01
FO
03
20 19
IF
2C
07
17
30
EB
10
FO
E8
E8
8A
0350
49
07
85
ED A4
EE
Bl
FA
48
4A
4A
4A
4A A8
B9
E7
0360
IF
95
E5
E8 68
29
OF
A8
B9
E7
IF
95
E5
E8
E6
EE
0370
E4
ED
90
EO 20
AF
03
DO
FB
20
AF
03
20
6A
IF
C9
0380
OB
DO
OE
BA EO
FF
FO
20
68
85
FB
68
85
FA
4C
04
0390
03
C9
12
DO OF
A5
FA
48
A5
FB
48
20
63
IF
C6
EE
03 AO
FO
EC
DO
F7 C9
14
DO
Dl
20
19
IF
FO
CC
DO
F9
A9
03B0
7F
8D
41
17 A2
08
AO
00
84
FC
B9
E6
00
20
4E
IF
03C0
C8
CO
06
90 F3
4C
3D
IF
126
MO VIT
By Lew Edwards
ANOTHER move program? This one moves anything anywhere!
No limit to number of bytes s or locations in memory „ or
overlapping of source and destination. Use it to lift sections
of code from other programs, close in or open up gaps for
altering programs, moving programs to another location (use
Butterfield's RELOCATE to take care of the branch and address
correction) . Locate it wherever you have the^room .-
Use is straight forward. Old start address goes in D0,1 ;
old end address in D2,3; new start address in D4,5 before
running the program which starts at 1780, or wherever you
want to have it in your system. Program uses zero page
locations DO thru D9 to do the job.
1780
D8
START
CLD
1781
AO
FF
LDY
#$FF
STORE TEST VALUE
1783
38
SEC
1784
A5
D2
LDA
OEAL
HOW MANY BYTES?
1786
E5
DO
SBC
OSAL
TO MOVE?
1788
85
D8
STA
BCL
178A
A5
D3
LDA
OEAH
178C
E5
Dl
SBC
OSAH
178E
85
D9
STA
BCH
1790
18
CLC
1791
A5
D8
LDA
BCL
ADD THE COUNT TO
1793
65
D4
ADC
NSAL
THE NEW START TO
1795
85
D6
STA
NEAL
GET A NEW END
1797
A5
D9
LDA
BCH
1799
65
D5
ADC
NSAH
179B
85
D7
STA
NEAH
179D
E6
D8
INC
BCL
ADJUST THE BYTE COUNT
179F
E6
D9
INC
BCH
TO PERMIT ZERO TESTING
17A1
38
SEC
17A2
A5
D4
LDA
NSAL
IF NEW LOCATION
17A4
E5
DO
SBC
OSAL
HIGHER THAN OLD
17A6
A5
D5
LDA
NSAH
CARRY FLAG IS SET
17A8
E5
Dl
SBC
OSAH '
17AA
A2
00
LOOP
LDX
#$00
HIGH POINTER INDEX
17AC
90
02
BCC
MOVE
17AE
A2
02
LDX
#$02
LOW POINTER INDEX
17B0
Al
DO
MOVE
LDA
OSAL,X
MOVE OLD
17B2
81
D4
STA
NSAL,X
TO NEW
17B4
90
14
BCC
DOWN
17B6
C6
D2
DEC
OEAL
ADJUST UP POINTER, COLD)
17B8
98
TYA
BELOW ZERO?
17B9
45
D2
EOR
OEAL
17BB
DO
02
BNE
NO
NO, ENOUGH
127
17BD
C6
D3
DEC
OEAH
YES, ADJUST THE HIGH BYTE
17BF
C6
D6
NOT
DEC
NEAL
ADJUST THE OTHER ONE (NEW)
17C1
98
TYA
17C2
45
D6
EOR
NEAL
NEED HIGH BYTE ADJUSTED?
17C4
DO
02
BNE
NEIN
NO
17C6
C6
D7
DEC
NEAH
YES. DO IT
17C8
BO
OC
NEIN
BCS
COUNT
17CA
E6
DO
DOWN
INC
OSAL
ADJUST "OLD" DOWN POINTER
17CC
DO
02
BNE
NYET
17CE
E6
Dl
x 1 N
OS AH
AMD THF HTGH RYTF TF NFFnFD
17D0
E6
D4
NYET
INC
NSAL
AND THE "NEW" ONE
17D2
DO
02
BNE
COUNT
17D4
E6
D5
INC
NSAH
17D6
C6
D8
COUNT
DEC
BCL
TICK OFF THE BYTES,
17D8
DO
02
BNE
ONE
ENOUGH FINGERS?
17DA
C6
D9
DEC
BCH
USE THE OTHER HAND
17DC
DO
CC
ONE
BNE
LOOP
'TIL THEY'RE ALL DONE
17DE
00
DONE
BRK
g BACK TO MONITOR
P.S. Don't forget to set the IRQ vector for the break
(KIM - 1C00 at 17FE,FF)
***** Hex Dump - Movit *****
1780
D8
AO
FF
38 A5
D2
E5
DO
85
D8 A5
D3
E5
Dl
85
D9
1790
18
A5
D8
65
D4
85
D6
A5
D9
65
D5
85
D7
E6
D8
E6
17A0
D9
38 A5
D4
E5
DO
A5
D5
E5
Dl
A2
00
90
02
A2
02
17B0
Al
DO
81
Dk
90
14
C6
D2
98 45
D2
DO
02
C6
D3
C6
17C0
D6
98
45
D6
DO
02
C6
D7
B0
0C
E6
DO
DO
02
E6
Dl
17D0
E6
Dk
DO
02
E6
D5
C6
D8
DO
02
C6
D9
DO
CC
00
Addition: The last address filled can be displayed after the
program is complete by adding the following code:
(1) 85 FA between instructions now at 1795 and 1797
(2) 85 FB between instructions now at 179B and 179D
(3) replace the break at the end with 4C 4F 1C
Use Movit to move itself to another location and then again
to open up the necessary spaces !
128
Lewis Edwards, Jr.
Having trouble loading from tape, especially on "HYFERTAPE"? Suspect
the PLL adjustment might be off, but were afraid to adjust it, or didn't
have a meter or scope handy? Use this program and KIM's built in hardware
to make the adjustment. Hold the tip of the plug you plug into the tape
recorder's earphone jack to applications pin #14 and adjust the control
for O's or combinations of 7's and L's on the display. "L" means the PLL
TEST line is low and "7" means it's high. The program generates a signal
that alternates slightly below and slightly above theone generated by KIM
at 1A6B. The regular tape input channel is utilized and decoded to con-
trol the display.
1780
A9
07
BEGN
IDA
#07
Set the input
1782
8D
42
17
STA
SBD
1785
A9
01
LDA
#01
and output ports
1787
8d
01
17
STA
PAO
178A
85
El
STA
El
Initialize the toggle
178c
A9
7F
LDA
#7F
178E
8D
kl
17
STA
PADD
Open display channels
1791
A2
09
MORE
LDX
#09
Start with the first
1793
AO
07
LDY
#07
digit Light top & right
1795
2C
42
17
BIT
SBD
if PLL output
1798
30
02
BMI
SEGS
is high
179A
AO
38
LDY
#38
otherwise left & bottom
179C
8c
ko
17
SEGS
STY
SAD
Turn on the segments
179F
8e
42
17
STX
SBD
and the digit
17A2
2C
*>7
17
DELA
BIT
CLKRDI
Half cycle done?
1?A5
10
FB
BPL
DELA
No, wait for time up
17A7
E6
E2
INC
E2
Count the cycles
17A9
30
Ok
BMI
LOTO
128 % cycles, send low tone
17AB
A9
91
HITO
LDA
#91
128 % cycles, send hi tone
17AD
DO
03
BNE
CLK1
17AF
A9
93
LOTO
LDA
#93
17B1
EA
NOP
Equalize the branches
17B2
8D
44
17
CLK1
STA
CLK1T
Set the clock
17B5
A9
01
LDA
#01
17B7
**5
El
EOR
El
Flip the toggle register
17B9
85
El
STA
El
17BB
8D
00
17
STA
PAO
Toggle the output port
17BE
E8
INX
17BF
E8
INX
Next display digit
17CO
EO
15
CPX
#15
Last one?
17C2
DO
CF
BNE
NEXT
No, do next
17C4
FO
CB
BEQ
MORE
Yes, do more
1780 A9 07 8D 42 17 A9 01 8D 01 17 85 El A9 7F 8D 41
1790 17 A2 09 AO 07 2C 42 17 30 02 AO 38 8C 40 17 8E
17A0 42 17 2C 47 17 10 FB E6 E2 30 04 A9 91 DO 03 A9
17B0 93 EA 8D 44 17 A9 01 45 El 85 El 8D 00 17 E8 E8
17C0 EO 15 DO CF F0 CB
PLL SET
129
4t
Jim Butterfield
Ever long for an assembler? Remember when you wrote that 300 byte
program - and discovered that you'd forgotten one vital instruction in the
middle? And to make room, you'd have to change all those branches, all
those addresses... Or the program with that neat piece of coding in it, thr "
you suddenly need to remove (say, to change it to a subroutine ).. .but if
you do, you'll have to fill all that empty space with NOPs? It's enough
to make a grown programmer cry...
Dry those tears. Program RELOCATE will fix up all those addresses
and branches for you, whether you're opening out a program to fit in an
extra instruction, closing up space you don't need, or just moving the whole
thing someplace else.
RELOCATE doesn't move the data. It just fixes up the addresses before
you make the move. It won't touch zero page addresses; you'll want them
to stay the same. And be careful: it won't warn you if a branch instruc-
tion goes out of range.
You'll have to give RELOCATE a lot of information about your program:
(1) Where your program starts. This is the first instruction in
your whole program (including the part that doesn't move).
RELOCATE has to look through your whole program, instruction
by instruction, correcting addresses and branches where neces-
sary. Be 'sure your program is a continuous series of instruc-
tions (don't mix data in; RELOCATE will take a data value of
10 as a BPL instruction and try to correct the branch address),
and place a dud instruction (FF) behind your last program in-
struction. This tells RELOCATE where to stop.
Place the program start address in locations EA and EB, low
order first as usual. Don't forget the FF behind the last
instruction; it doesn't matter if you temporarily wipe out a
byte of data - you can always put it back later.
(2) Where relocation starts, this is the first address in your
program that you want to move. If you're moving the whole
program, it will be the same as the program start address,
above. This address is called the boundary.
Place the boundary address in locations EC and ED, low order
first .
(3) How far you will want to relocate information above the bound-
ary. This value is called the increment . For example, if you
want to open up three more locations in your program, the in-
crement will be 0003. If you want to close up four addresses,
the increment will be FFFC (effectively, a negative number).
Place the increment value in locations E8 and E9, low order
first.
RELOCATE
130
(k) A page limit, above which relocation should be disabled. For
example, if you're working on a program in the 0200 to 03FF
range, your program might also address a timer or I/O regist-
ers, and might call subroutines in the monitor. You don't
want these addresses relocated, even though they are above the
boundary! So your page limit would be 17, since these addresses
are all over 1700.
On the other hand, if you have memory expansion and your program
is at address 2000 and up, your page limit will need to be much
higher. You'd normally set the page limit to FF, the highest
page in memory.
Place the page limit in location E7.
Now you're ready to go. Set RELOCATE 's start address, hit go - and
ZAP! -your addresses are fixed up.
After the run, it's a good idea to check the address now in OOEA and
OOEB - it should point at the FF at the end of your program, confirming
that the run went OK.
Now you can move the program. If you have lots of memory to spare,
you can write a general MOVE program and link it in to RELOCATE, so as to
do the whole job in one shot.
/
/
But if, like me, you're memory -deprived, you'll likely want to run
RELOCATE first, and then load in a little dust om-writ ten program to do
the actual moving. The program will vary depending on which way you want
to move, how far, and how much memory is to be moved. In a pinch, you can
use the FF option of the cassette input program to move your program.
Last note: the program terminates with a BRK instruction. Be sure
your interrupt vector (at 17FE and 17FF) is set to KIM address 1C00 so
that you get a valid "halt".
RELOCATE Jim Butterfield
00E7
00E8
OOEA
OOEC
0110 d8
0111 AO 00
0113 Bl EA
0115 A8
0116 A2 07
0118 98
0119 3D 8E 01
011C 5D 95 01
011F FO 03
; following addresses must be initialized
; by user prior to run
PAGLIM
ADJST
POINT
BOUND
*=*+l
*=*+2
♦=•+2
*=*+2
limit above which kill relocn
adjustment distance (signed)
start of program
lower boundary for adjustment
; main program starts here
START CLD
LDY #0
IDA (POINT), Y
TAY
LDX #7
LOOP TYA
AND TAB1-1,X
EOR TAB2-1,X
BEQ FOUND
get op code
+cache in Y
restore op code
remove unwanted bits
& test the rest
131
0121 CA
DEX
on to the next test
0122 DO Fk
BNE LOOP
...if any
012k BC 9D 01
FOUND
LDY TAB3,X
length or flag
0127 30 OD
BMI TRIP
triple length?
0129 FO 22
BEQ BRAN
branch?
012B E6 EA
SKIP
INC POINT
mving right along. .
012D DO 02
BNE INEX
..to next op code
012F E6 EB
INC POINT+l
0131 88
INEX
DEY
0132 DO F7
BNE SKIP
013^ FO DA
BEQ START
; length 3 or illegal
0136 C8
TRIP
INY
0137 30 D9
BMI START+2
illegal/end to BRK halt
0139 C8
INY
set Y to 1
013A Bl EA
IDA (POINT), Y
lo-order operand
013C AA
TAX
...into X reg
013D C8
INY
Y=2
013E Bl EA
IDA (POINT), Y
hi-order operand
01^0 20 79 01
JSR ADJUST
change address, maybe
01^3 91 EA
STA ( POINT ),Y
...and put it back
01^5 88
DEY
Y=l
01^6 8A
TXA
01*f7 91 EA
STA (POINT) ,Y
...also hi -order
01^9 AO 03
LDY #3
Y=3
OlifB 10 DE
BPL SKIP
: branch: check "to" and
"from" address
OlkB C8
BRAN
INY
Y=l
Ol^E A6 EA
LDX POINT
"from" addrs lo-order
0150 A5 EB
IDA POINT+1
hi-order
0152 20 79 01
JSR ADJUST
change, maybe
0155 86 EO
STX ALOC
save lo-order only
0157 A2 FF
LDX #$FF
flag for "back" branches
0159 Bl EA
IDA ( POINT ),Y
get relative branch
015B 18
CLC
015C 69 02
ADC #2
adjust the offset
015E 30 01
BMI OVER
backwards branch?
0160 E8
INX
nope
0161 86 E3
OVER
STX LIMIT
0163 18
CLC
0164 65 EA
ADC POINT
calculate "to" lo-order
0166 AA
TAX
...and put in X
0167 A5 E3
IDA LIMIT
00 or FF
0169 65 EB
ADC POINT+1
"to" hi-order
016B 20 79 01
JSR ADJUST
change, maybe
016E CA
DEX-
readjust the offset
016F CA
DEX
0170 8a
TXA
0171 38
SEC
0172 E5 EO
SBC ALOC
recalculate relative branch
017^ 91 EA
STA (POINT ),Y
and re-insert
0176 C8
INY
Y=2
0177 10 B2
BPL SKIP
132
/
; examine address and adjust, maybe
0179
C5
E7
ADJUST
CMP PAGLIM
017B
BO
11
BCS OUT
too high?
017D
C5
EH)
CMP BOUND+1
017F
DO
02
BNE TES2
hi-order?
0l8l
m
EC
CPX BOUND
lo-order?
0183
90
09
TES2
BCC OUT
too low?
0185
*f8
PHA
stack hi-order
0186
O *
8A
TXA
OI87
18
CLC
0188
65
E8
ADC ADJUST
adjust lo-order
0l8A
AA
TAX
0l8B
68
PLA
unstack hi-order
0l8C
/*«-
65
E9
ADC ADJST+1
and adjust
0l8E
60
OUT
RTS
; tables for op-code
indenti fi cation
018F
OC
IF OD
TAB1
.BYTE
$0C , $ IF , $0D , $87 , $1F , $FF , $03
0192
87
IF FF
0195
03
OI90
00
19 00
TAB2
.BYTE
80C , $19 , 805 , »00 ,810, 8209 803
0199
00
10 20
019C
03
019D
02
FF FF
TAB3
•BYTE
1 02 , $FF, $FF, $01 , $01 , $00 , $FF, $FE
oiao
01
01 00
01A3
FF
FE
i
end
Credit for the concept of RELOCATE goes to Stan Ockers, who insisted
that it was badly needed, and maintained despite my misgivings that it
should be quite straightforward to program. He was right on both counts.
***** Hex Dump - Relocate *****
0
X
i
EA
7
^5
A
c
7>
r
r
01 10-
D8
A0
00
Bl
h
A2
07
98
3D
8E
01
5D
95
01
F0
0120-
03
CA
D0
F4
BC
9D
01
30
0D
F0
22
E6
EA
D0
02
E6
0130-
EB
88
D0
F7
F0
DA
C8
30
D9
C8
Bl
EA
AA
C8
Bl
.EA
0140-
20
79
01
91
EA
88
8A
91
EA
A0
03
10
DE
C8
A6
EA
0150-
A5
EB
20
79
01
86
E0
A2
FF
Bl
EA
18
69
02
30
01
0160-
E8
86
E3
18
65
EA
AA
A5
E3
65
EB
20
79
01
CA
CA
0170-
8A
38
E5
E0
91
EA
C8
10
B2
C5
E7
B0
1 1
C5
ED
D0
0180-
02
E4
EC
90
09
48
8A
18
65
E8
AA
68
65
E9
60
0C
0190-
IF
0D
87
IF
FF
03
0C
19
08
00
10
20
03
02
FF
FF
01A0-
01
01
00
FF
FE
133
USING PROGRAM RELOCATE - an example. Jim Butterf ield
Program RELOCATE is important, and powerful. But it takes
a little getting used to. Let's run through an example.
Follow along on your KIM, if you like.
Suppose we'd like to change program LUNAR LANDER.
When you run out of fuel on the lander, you get no
special indication, except that you start falling
very quickly. Let's say we want to make this minor
change i if you run out of fuel, the display flips
^over to Fuel mode, so that the pilot will see immediately.
Digging through the program reveals two things: (i) you
go to fuel mode by storing 00 into MODE (address El);
and, (ii) the out-of-fuel part of the program is located
at 02^C to 025?. So if we can insert a program to store
zero in mode as part of our out-of-fuel, we should have
accomplished our goal. Closer inspection reveals that
we can accomplish this "by inserting 85 El (STA MODE)
right behind the LDA instruction at 024C.
Let's do it.
First, we must store value FF behind the last instruction
of our program. So put FF into address 02CC. That wipes
out the value but we'll put it back later.
Now, we put our program start address (0200) into addresses
EA and EB. Low order first, so 00 goes into address 00EA
and 02 goes into 00EB.
Next, the part that we want to move. Since we want to
insert a new instruction at address 02^-E, we must move
the program up at this point to make space. In goes
the address, low order first*. 4E into address 00EC and
02 into address 00ED.
The page limit should be set to 17, since we don't want
the addresses of the KIM subroutines to be changed
(SCANDS, GETKEY, etc.). So put 17 into address 00E7-
Finally, how far do we want to move the program to make
room? Two bytes, of course. Put 02 and 00 into
addresses 00E8 and 00E9 respectively.
We're ready to go. Be sure your vectors have been set
properly (at addresses 17FA to 17FF). Then set address
0110, the start address of RELOCATE, and press GO.
The display will stop showing 011^ EA, confirming that
RELOCATE ran properly. Now check to see the whole program
was properly converted by looking at the addresses 00EA-B.
We put address 0200 there, remember? Now we'll see
address 02CC stored there - the address of the value FF
we stored to signal end of program.
Go back to 02CC, where we stored FF, and restore the
original value of
134
We've completed part I. The addresses have been corrected
for the move. Let's go on to part II and actually move
the program fo make room.
My favorite method is to use a tiny program to do the
move itself. For moving 1 to 256 bytes to a higher address t
I use the program: A2 m BD xx ^ 9D tt tt CA do F7 00.
In the above, nn is the number of bytes to be moved, and
xxxx and tttt are the from and to addresses of the data,
minus one. Since we want to move about 160 bytes from
a block starting at 02^-E to a block starting at 0250,
we code like this: A2 AQ BD ^D Q2 9D ^p Q2 CA ^ Fy 00i
This little program can be fitted in anywhere. Let's
put it in memory starting at address OOkO. The final
byte, value 00, should end up in OO^B. Now back to
00k0, hit GO ... and your data/program is moved over.
(The tiny program should stop showing address 00^D) .
There's nothing left to do but actually put the extra
instruction (85 El) into the program at 024E and 02^F.
Now run the program. Try deliberately running out of
fuel and see if the display flips over to fuel mode
automatically when you run out.
If you have followed the above successfully with your
KIM, it all seems very easy. It's hard to realize that
program RELOCATE has done so much work. But if you
check, you'll find the following addresses have been
automatically changed:
0203 02^B 0256/8 0263/5 0265/7 02A5/7
Do you think that you'd have caught every one of
those addresses if you'd tried to do the job manually?
135
by Jim Pollock
This program will take any given block of data and
arrange it in numerical sequence, whether the data is
hex or BCD, or both. Since the program uses relative
branch addressing, it can be located anywhere in memory
without modification.
The instruction that determines whether data is arranged
in ascending or descending order is 01 IF, (BO -
descending order, 90 - ascending order).
This is a bubble sort . The top item is compared with
succeeding items and if a larger number is found, they
are swapped. The larger item (now at the top) is then
used for comparisons as the process continues through
the list. After one complete pass, the largest number
will have "bubbled" to the top. The whole process is
repeated using the second item to start, then again
starting with the third item . Eventually the whole list
will be sorted in sequence .
SORT
17F5 START LO
17F6 START HIGH
17F7 END LO
17F8 END HI (NOTE: ENDING ADDRESS IS ONE PAST LAST ITEM)
0200
AD
F5
17
SORT
LDA
17F5
TRANSFER START POINTER
0203
85
E8
STA
00E8
TO ZERO PAGE
0205
85
EA
STA
00EA
0207
AD
F6
17
LDA
17F6
020A
85
E9
STA
00E9
020C
85
EB
STA
00EB
020E
AD
F7
17
LDA
17F7
TRANSFER END POINTER
0211
85
EC
STA
00EC
0213
AD
F8
17
LDA
17F8
0216
85
ED
STA
00ED
0218
A2
00
LDX
#$00
INDEX TO ZERO (STAYS THERE)
02 1A
D8
CLD
02 IB
Al
E8
GET
LDA
(00E8,X)
GET DATA INDIRECT 00E8
021D
CI
EA
CMP
(00EA,X)
GREATER THAN INDIR. 00EA?
021F
B0
OC
BCS
INCN
NO, INCR. POINTER 00EA
0221
Al
E8
SWAP
LDA
(00E8,X)
SWAP DATA IN POINTER
0223
85
E7
STA
00E7
LOCATIONS
136
A 1
Al
tA
LUA
v^OUfcA, XJ
f\ n o ~i
0227
O 1
81
E8
STA
(00E8,X.)
f\ o *"i r\
0229
A5
E7
LDA
l~v f~v J— -7
0OE7
rt O O D
022B
ol
r— A
EA
STA
C00EA,XJ
022D
E6
EA
INCN
INC
00EA
SET UP NEXT COMPARISON
022F
DO
02
BNE
LASTN
NO PAGE CHANGE
0231
t—f
Eb
EB
INC
00EB
PAGE CHANGE
0233
A5
EA
LASTN
LDA
0OEA
CK FOR LAST ITEM IN PASS
0235
C5
EC
CMP
00EC
0237
DO
E2
BNE
GET
NOT YET
0239
A5
ED
LDA
00ED
IS THIS LAST PASS/LOOP?
023B
C5
EB
CMP
00EB
023D
DO
DC
BNE
GET
NO
023F
E6
E8
INC
OOE8
0241
DO
02
BNE
OVER
NO PAGE CHANGE
0243
E6
E9
INC
00E9
PAGE CHANGE
0245
A5
E8
OVER
LDA
00E8
I NIT. VALUE FOR NEXT PASS
02H7
o c
o5
EA
C T A
STA
OOEA
0249
A5
E9
LDA
OOE9
oy
CD
CTA
b 1 A
UUtD
024D
A5
EA
LDA
OOEA
LAST ITEM IN LIST?
024F
C5
EC
CMP
00EC
0251
DO
C8
BNE
GET
NO, NOT YET
0253
A5
E9
LDA
00E9
0255
85
EB
STA
00EB
0257
C5
ED
CMP
00ED
LAST PAGE?
0259
DO
CO
BNE
GET
NO
025B
4C
4F 1C
JMP
1C4F
BACK TO KIM, DONE
***** Hex Dump - Sort *****
0200
AD
F5
17
85
E8
85
EA
AD
F6
17
85
E9
85
EB
AD
F7
0210
17
85
EC
AD
F8
17
85
ED
A2
00
D8
Al
E8
CI
EA
B0
0220
oc
Al
E8
85
E7
Al
EA
81
E8
A5
E7
81
EA E6
EA
DO
0230
02
E6
EB
A5
EA C5
EC
DO
E2
A5
ED
C5
EB
DO
DC
E6
0240
E8
DO
02
E6
E9
A5
E8
85
EA A5
E9
85
EB
A5
EA C5
0250
EC
DO
C8
A5
E9
85
EB
C5
ED
DO
CO
4C
4F
1C
137
SUPER • PUPE
by Jim Butterf ield
SUPER-DUPE is handy: it lets you duplicate a complete tape
containing many programs in jig time. SUPER-DUPE is
versatile: it will write various tape densities, from
regular to Hypertape . SUPER-DUPE is multi-purpose: if you
don't want to duplicate programs, you can use it for
cataloguing tapes, or for writing Hypertape.
The maximum size program that SUPER-DUPE can copy is
dependent on the amount of memory of the KIM system. The
basic IK system can copy programs up to 512 bytes long.
For duplicating tape, it's useful to have two tape
recorders: one for reading the old tape, one for writing
the new. They are connected in the usual way, at TAPE IN
and TAPE OUT. Pause controls are handy.
SUPER-DUPE starts at address 0000. Hit GO and start the
input tape. When a program has been read from the input
tape, the display will light, showing the start address of
the program and its ID. If you don't want to copy this
program, hit 0. Otherwise, stop the input tape; start the
output tape (on RECORD) ; then hit 1 for Hypertape , 6 for
regular tape, or any intermediate number. The output tape
will be written; upon completion, the display will light
showing 0000 A2. Stop the output tape. Now hit GO to copy
the next program.
SUPER-DUPE contains a Hypertape writing program which can
be used independently; this starts at address 0100.
Basically, SUPER-DUPE saves you the work of setting up the
SA, EA, and ID for each program, and the trouble of
arranging the Hypertape writer into a part of memory
suitable for each program.
0000 A2 03 START LDX #3
0002 B5 E2 LOOP LDA POINT2,X
0004 95 E0 STA POINT, X
0006 CA DEX
0007 10 F9 BPL LOOP
0009 A9 00 LDA #0
000B 85 F6 STA CHKSUM
000D 85 F7 STA CHKHI
000F D8 CLD
0010 A9 07 LDA #7
0012 8D 42 17 STA SBD
0015 20 41 1A SYN JSR RDBIT
0018 46 F9 LSR INH
001 A 05 F9 ORA INH
138
001C
85
F9
STA
INH
001 E
C9
16
TST
CMP
#$16 sync?
0020
DO
F3
BNE
SYN
0022
20
24
1A
JSR
RDCHT
0025
C6
F9
DEC
INH
0027
10
F5
BPL
TST
0029
C9
2A
CMP
#$2A
002B
DO
Fl
BNE
TST
002D
20
F3
19
JSR
RDBYT
0030
85
F9
STA
INH
0032
A2
FE
LDX
#$FE neg 2
0034
20
F3
19
ADDR
JSR
RDBYT
0037
95
FC
STA
POINTH+1 ,X
0039
20
91
IF
JSR
CHK
003C
E8
INX
003D
30
F5
BMI
ADDR
003F
A2
02
BYTE
LDX
#2
0041
20
24
1A
DUBL
JSR
RDCHT
0044
C9
2F
CMP
#$2F eot?
0046
F0
15
BEQ
WIND
0048
20
00
1A
JSR
PACKT
004B
DO
1C
BNE
ELNK error?
004D
CA
DEX
004E
DO
Fl
BNE
DUBL
0050
81
E0
STA
(POINT, X)
0052
20
91
IF
JSR
CHK
0055
E6
E0
INC
POINT
0057
DO
02
BNE
OVER
0059
T-% /*"
E6
El
INC
POINT+1
UU5B
DO
EZ
OVER
BNE
n \7 m
BYTE
U U _)D
t J
1 Q
J."
W 1 NiJ
KUdX 1
UUoU
r 1
CMP
LnKrI x
n n c o
u u o ^
UU
U D
DMT?
jcjLiNIx e r l or r
n n c a
on
r i
JbK
KDBx T
UUb /
Ld
t-i r
Fb
CMP
CHKfaUM
0069
DO
95
ELNK
BNE
START (or 65?)
006B
20
IF
IF
FLSH
JSR
SCANDS
006E
F0
FB
BEQ
FLSH display SA,ID
0070
20
6A
IF
JSR
GETKEY
0073
85
F5
STA
GANG
0075
OA
ASL
A
0076
F0
88
BEQ
START
0078
8D
BE
01
STA
NPUL
007B
65
F5
ADC
GANG
007D
8D
CO
01
STA
TIMG+1
0080
A9
27
LDA
#$27 register mask
0082
85
F5
STA
GANG
0084
A9
BF
LDA
#$BF
0086
8D
43
17
STA
PBDD
0089
A2
64
LDX
#$64
008B
A9
16
LDA
#$16 sync
139
008D
n A
A2
64
LDX
#?64
send 100
008F
A9
16
LDA
#516
sync
A A A T
0091
A A
20
61
01
JSR
HIC
0094
A9
2A
LDA
#?2A
start char
0096
20
88
01
JSR
OUTCHT
0099
A5
F9
LDA
INH
write ID
009B
20
70
01
JSR
OUTBT
009E
A5
FA
LDA
POINTL
start adds
00 AO
20
70
A 1
01
JSR
OUTBT
A A »
00A3
A5
FB
LDA
POINTH
00A5
20
70
01
JSR
OUTBT
00A8
AO
00
DATA
LDY
#0
00AA
Bl
E2
LDA
(POINT2) fY
00 AC
20
70
01
JSR
OUTBT
write data
00AF
E6
E2
INC
POINT2
00B1
DO
02
BNE
SAMP
next addrs
00B3
E6
E3
INC
POINT2+1
00B5
A5
E2
SAMP
LDA
POINT2
00B7
C5
E0
CMP
POINT
00B9
A5
E3
LDA
POINT2+1
OOBB
E5
El
SBC
POINT+1
OOBD
/\ A
90
E9
BCC
DATA
more data?
oobf
A9
2F
LDA
#$2F
eot
00C1
20
88
01
JSR
OUTCHT
00C4
A5
F7
LDA
CHKHI
checksum
00C6
20
70
01
JSR
OUTBT
00C9
A5
F6
LDA
CHKSUM
OUCB
A O
C A
A 1
01
JMP
EXIT
00D0
4C
29
.19
JMP
LOADT9
FFFF option
00E2
00
02
00 02
data area; set as desired
****** Hex Dump Super - Dupe ******
0000-
A2
03
B5
E2
95
E0
CA
10
F9
A9
00
85
F6
85
F7
D8
0010-
A9
07
8D
42
17
20
41
1A
46
F9
05
F9
85
F9
C9
16
0020-
D0
F3
20
24
1A
C6
F9
10
F5
C9
2A
D0
Fl
20
F3
19
0030-
85
F9
A2
FE
20
F3
19
95
FC
20
91
IF
E8
30
F5
A2
0040-
02
20
24
1A
C9
2F
F0
15
20
00
1A
D0
1C
CA
D0
Fl
0050-
81
E0
20
91
IF
E6
E0
D0
02
E6
El
D0
E2
20
F3
19
0060-
C5
F7
D0
05
20
F3
19
C5
F6
D0
95
20
IF
IF
F0
FB
0070-
20
6A
IF
C9
07
B0
F4
85
F5
0A
F0
84
8D
BE
01
65
0080-
F5
8D
C0
01
A9
27
85
F5
A9
BF
8D
43
1 7
A2
64
A9
0090-
16
20
61
01
A9
2A
20
88
01
A5
F9
20
70
01
A5
FA
00A0-
20
70
01
A5
FB
20
70
01
A0
00
Bl
E2
20
70
01
E6
00B0-
E2
D0
02
E6
E3
A5
E2
C5
E0
A5
E3
E5
El
90
E9
A9
00C0-
2F
20
88
01
A5
F7
20
70
01
A5
F6
4C
54
01
FF
EA
00D0-
4C
29
19
00E0-
00
02
00
02
REMEMBER: You must also include HYPERTAPE! (page 119).
140
VERIFY TAPE
James Van Ornum
Do you want to verify the cassette tape you just recorded before the
information is lost? Then follow this simple procedure:
1. Manually verify that the starting address ($17F5, 8l?F6), the
ending address ($17*7, $1?F8) and the block identification
(S17F9) locations are correct in memory.
2. Enter zeros ($00) into CHKL U17E7) and CHKH U17E8).
3. Enter the following routine:
17EC CD 00 00 VEB cmp START
17EF DO 03 bne failed
17F1 kC OF 19 jmp L0AD12
17Fk kC 29 19 failed jmp L0ADT9
k. Rewind the tape, enter address $l88C, press GO and playback
the tape. If the tape compares, the LEDs will come back on
with address $0000. If there is a discrepancy between memory
and the tape, the LEDs will come on with address $FFFF.
Jim Butterfield
Program VUTAPE lets you actually see the contents of a KIM format
tape as it's going by. It shows the data going by very quickly, because
of the tape speed.. but you can at least "sense" the kind of material on
the tape.
In case of tape troubles, this should give you a hint as to the area
of your problem: nothing? noise? dropouts? And you can prepare a test
tape (see below) to check out the tape quality and your recorder. The
test tape will also help you establish the best settings for your volume
and tone controls.
Perhaps VUTAPE' s most useful function, though, is to give you a
"feeling" for how data is stored on tape. You can actually watch the
processor trying to synchronize into the bit stream. Once it's synohed,
you'll see the characters rolling off the tape... until an END or illegal
character drops you back into the sync mode again. It's educational to
watch. And since the program is fairly short, you should be able to trace
out just how the processor tracks the input tape.
VUTAPE starts at location 0000 and is fully relocatable (so you can
load it anyplace it fits).
VU-TAPE
141
KIM UTILITY: VUTAPE
0000
D8
START
CLD
0001
A9
?F
LDA
#$7F
0003
8d
41
17
STA
PADD
set display dir reg
0006
A9
13
SYN
LDA
#$13
..window 6 and tape in
0008
85
EO
STA
POINT
and keep pointer
000A
8d
42
17
STA
SBD
OOOD
20
41
1A
JSR
RDBIT
get a bit and
0010
46
F9
LSR
INH
..slip it into
0012
05
F9
ORA
INH
. .the right-hand
0014
85
F9
STA
INH
..side:
0016
8D
4o
17
STA
SAD
show bit flow on display
0019
C9
16
TST
CMP
#S16
..is it a SYNC?
001B
DO
E9
BNE
SYN
nope, keep 'em rolling
001D
20
24
1A
JSR
RDCHT
yup, start grabbing
0020
C9
2A
CMP
#82A
..8 bits at a time and..
0022
DO
F5
BNE
TST
..if it's not an
0024
A9
00
STREAM
LDA
#$00
..then start showing
0026
8D
E9
17
STA
SAVX
..characters 1 at a time
0029
20
24
1A
JSR
RDCHT
002C
20
00
1A
JSR
PACKT
..converting to hexadec.
002F
DO
D5
BNE
SYN
..if legal
0031
A6
EO
LDX
POINT
0033
e8
INX
0034
E8
INX
Move along to next..
0035
EO
15
CPX
#815
. .display position
0037
DO
02
BNE
OVER
(If last digit,..
0039
A2
09
LDX
#809
..reset to first)
003B
86
EO
OVER
STX
POINT
003D
8E
42
17
STX
SBD
0040
AA
TAX
change character read
004l
BD
E7
IF
LDA
TABLE, X
..to segments and..
0044
8D
40
17
STA
SAD
send to the display
0047
DO
DB
BNE
STREAM
unconditional jump
Checking Out Tapes/Recorders
Make a test tape containing an endless stream of SYNC characters
with the following program:
0050 AO BF GO LDY #$BF directional..
0052 8C 43 17 STY PBOD ...registers
0055 A9 16 LP LDA #Sl6 SYNC
0057 20 7A 19 JST OUTCH ...out to tape
005A DO F9 BNE LP
Now use the program VUTAPE. The display should show a steady
synchronization pattern consisting of segments b,c, and e on the right
hand LED. Try playing with your controls and see over what range the
pattern stays locked in. The wider the range, the better your cassette/
recorder.
142
1
EXPANDING YOUR KIM
Games and diversions using the keyboard and display are fine.
Programming in assembly language can even be a lot of fun,
once you get over the first few hurdles . But , sooner or later
you are going to get the urge to have your KIM act like the
"big machines". What do you have to add on? How much will
it cost? How much trouble is it going to be? Let's look at
a few of the options and you can decide for yourself.
Memory Expansion
If you only had more memory, you could do anything, right?
Well, not exactly, but let's see what's involved in adding
memory.
Computer buffs abreviate a thousand memory locations, more
or less, with the letter K. Your KIM-1 has a IK block of RAM
and 2K of ROM. Provision is also built into the KIM-1 for
easily adding an additional 4K of memory.
4 K Expansion
If you want to add only 4K of memory, it's not especially
difficult. An article in Kilobaud #4, (April '77), gives
instructions for adding one of the lower priced 4K RAM kits .
It is primarily a matter of connecting wires between the
expansion connector on your KIM and the new board. Depending
on the size of your present power supply, an additional supply
may be required for the new board .
Further Expansion
%
Adding more than 4K of memory is a bit more difficult . Part
of the problem has to do with address decoding. The expansion
connector is essentially an extension of the main arteries of
the computer, the address and data busses. These carry signals
between the CPU and memory. The data bus carries information
to or from a me mory location specified by the address bus.
The "Central Processing Unit"' (CPU), on the KIM has the
potential of addressing 64K however, so you can see that we
have barely begun to scratch the surface.
Decoding
The complete address bus isn't available to each memory chip
because there are just too many lines and not enough pins on
the chips . Instead , there is some extra circuitry which looks
144
at the entire address bus and determines which block,
(usually IK blocks), of memory should be allowed to function.
This is called decoding circuitry. Sub-addressing within
blocks is handled by the lower address lines which are
connected to all chips .
Decoding sufficient to select one of four IK blocks already
exists on the KIM and is brought out to the expansion connector.
If you add more than 4K of memory, additional decoding will
be required. Usually this is built into the memory board.
Buffering
If you start adding too many chips to the address and data
busses, the extra circuits begin to "load down" the bus and
cause it to not function proDerly. Additional boards are
sometimes isolated from the main busses with circuits
called "buffers" which prevent this from happening. Some
memory boards have buffers built in.
Speed
Another problem you should be aware of has to do with how fast
the CPU runs and how fast memory chips respond. Some CPU's
have a wait state so that if the memory is a little slow in
responding to entry or retrevial of information, the CPU can
wait for it. The 6502 processor in KIM doesn't have this
feature. This means that the memory used has to be fast enough
to work with the processor. £^45©^
What Board ? #
I
We see then that memory expansion can get a little complicated.
Further details are given in sections 3 .2 and 6. 1 of the Kim
User's Manual. Perhaps the easiest way to get around these
problems is to buy an assembled board made especially for the
KIM. All decoding, buffering etc. should already have been
taken care of in this case .
If you build from a kit, there are many solder connections that
are very close to each other; it's easy to make mistakes. Kit
or assembled board however, you should follow the instructions
of someone who has already done it.
What does it cost?
Here's the good part! Memory prices have been dropping and
are continuing to drop. Recently boards have been coming out
using 4K memory chips which have more bits per chip than the
older IK RAM. This reduces the cost further, especially on
boards having a lot of memory.
145
Any price quoted would soon be out of date and the price per
byte depends heavily on the size of board you buy. A quick
scan th rough a recent hobbyist publication should give you a
rough idea of what to expect.
How Much Do You Need ?
It depends primarily on what you want to do. Quite a bit
can be done with just the IK on the basic KIM-1 . Even if you
add a terminal, this IK should be adequate for small games etc.
written in assembly language. If you want to use a lot of
text or go to a higher level language like Basic, you will have
to expand. Exactly how much you need to expand depends on how
elaborate your software is .
Motherboards
If you want to add more than just one board to the expansion
connector of your KIM, you should start thinking in terms of
a motherboard. A motherboard is a group of sockets connected
in parallel. Buffering is also usually provided so the extra
boards don't load the busses.
If you buy a motherboard specifically for the KIM-1, it will
also have provision for letting KIM know when one of its boards
is being addressed. This is so the decoding present on the
KIM will be disengaged and not conflict with decoding on the
expansion boards .
"Standard" Busses
The largest number of boards made for hobbyist use have a 100 pin
configuration that plugs into the so-called "S-100" bus. MOS
Technology also makes a motherboard for KIM with yet another
bus . It should be possible to hook the KIM to motherboards
made for other 8 bit machines too. One group is getting together
an expansion board for KIM based on the standard 44 pin connector.
Once you decide on a particular motherboard, you are pretty
much locked in to buying or building boards whose pins match
those in the sockets of the motherboard.
"S-100" Bus
The S-100 bus derives from the Alta ir-^ motherboard . Presumably,
any board which works in an Altair then should work in any other
S-100 machine. Unfortunately, that has not always been the case.
The S-100 bus is popular though and already a couple manufacturers
have advertised S-100 motherboards meant to be attached to the
KIM. Because of the competition, S-100 boards sometimes give
a cost advantage. This is especially true in the case of memory
boards where competition is fierce .
NOTE: Altair is a trademark of MITS, Inc.
146
A Caution
No matter what bus you decide on, you are going to need
programs written for KIM to drive certain boards you might
plug in. Unless there is a program for that particular board,
written for KIM, you are in for a lot of work.
The Serial Port
It's not necessary that all expansion take place along the
data and address busses of your KIM. There is another
entrance/exit for information - the serial ports . The serial
I/O, (Input and Output), ports also have the advantage that
most of the required software already exists in the ROM of KIM.
For example, to output a character, it is only necessary to
put that character in the accumulator and jump to the subroutine
OUTCH (1EA0) . The character then comes spewing out the serial
output port , bit by bit .
ASCII
The code that is used in this process is the "American Standard
Code for Information Interchange", or ASCII for short. The
hardware connection is also standardized and is made of two
20 milliamp current loops. The device to be connected to KIM
should be set up for these standards. Connections are made
as shown starting on page 17 of the Kim User's Manual.
The Teletype®
The serial ports were obviously set up with a particular
machine in mind , the Teletype . The problem is that a new
Teletype will cost over $1000 and used ones aren't much cheaper.
Baudot Machines
Older model Teletypes and some other makes of teleprinters go
for $25 on up. The difference? These are Baudot machines.
Where the modern Teletype uses a 8 bit (8 level) code to
represent ASCII characters, the older machines use a 5 bit
(5 level) code called Baudot . A good place to find out what
is available etc. is a series of three articles appearing in
the April, May and June '77 issues of Byte magazine .
Teleprinters are noisey, smelly and slow. What's more, the
interface of a Baudot machine to your KIM is far from a trivial
problem. Why then even bother with the teleprinter? One reason -
it's great to have a hardcopy of your program, a piece of paper
you can sit down and take a pencil to when something goes wrong.
Video Terminals
Also easily connected through the serial port are stand alone
video terminals. These units contain a cathode ray T.V. tube,
Teletype is a trademark of Teletype Corp.
(CRT) , keyboard and all necessary guts to display a large
number of lines of characters on the screen at once. Common
are 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters each. With 80 characters,
a full 72 character Teletype line can be duplicated, making
the unit indeed a "Glass Teletype".
Fewer Characters - Lower Price
The price of most video terminals is still up around $1000 even
in kit form. One way to reduce the cost is to reduce the number
of characters and display the results on an ordinary T.V. set.
16 lines of 32 or 64 characters are common.
This type of unit can be purchased as a video board alone or
along with a keyboard in a nice case. If purchased seperately,
you will also need- a serial interface board.
Serial/Parallel Conversion
Remember that we had planned to use the serial I/O ports on KIM.
The video board or the keyboard is more than likely hooked up
to input or output in bytes, (parallel input or output) . A whole
byte appears on 8 seperate pins along with a timing pulse, called
a strobe, on yet another pin. The strobe is used to indicate when
data is valid. We have to convert this type of input or output to
the sequential bit by bit information required by the serial port.
Luckily, there are chips designed especially to do this. They
are called UART's and are found on serial interface boards.
One such board was described in issue #1 of Kilobaud , (Jan. '77) .
Wha>to look for
Video boards vary considerably in the features they offer.
The simplist boards begin writing characters in the upper left
of the screen and continue on down the page. When the end of
the last line is reached, they return to the upper left comer
and start over. The only control you might have is a "home"
signal which returns you to the starting point. Any carriage
returns, linefeed etc. have to be taken care of by a program which
is keeping track of exactly where you are .
A better scheme is to have a cursor which is usually a flashing
or solid white square located where the next character will
appear. In more advanced units, you can move this cursor around
under software (or hardware) control. That way, it's easy to
back up and go over any mistakes .
Another handy feature is scrolling. When you reach the end of
the last line on the screen, it's a little confusing to have
148
the next line start at the top. Instead, some boards automatically
push every line up to make room for the incoming line, (the top
line goes off the screen) .
Blank to end-of-line and blank to end-of-screen features are
necessary to keep from having a lot of unwanted characters left
on the screen. Be sure to check to find out exactly what features
are included on the board you are buying. If you can, find
someone who has a similar board up and running.
Back To The Busses
It's not manditory that a video board work off the serial ports.
There are boards made to pluq into most "standard" motherboards.
These work off the data and address busses directly. In many
cases, they include memory to hold the characters which looks
just like any other memory to the processor. This has the
advantage that any character can be changed instantaneously.
A board like this is undoubtedly going to require software to keep
things organized and you'll have to provide programs written
especially for KIM.
Hardware vs Software
With the prices of memory continuing to drop, it's becoming
cheaper to replace many hardware functions with software. In
the case of video, you can use software not only to keep track
of what characters go where; you can also use it to generate
most of the display itself. This tends to reduce the cost
considerably.
Using this fact, Don Lancaster describes a T.V. Typewritter
addition to the KIM for $25-$35, (Kilobaud #6, June '77 or
Popular Electronics, July '77 and August '77) . But a word of
caution. You'll have to "chop up" your KIM a bit to implement
this-^the project involves cutting a piece of KIM's printed
circuit foil, plus wiring in a whole bunch of new wires. And
while the changes don't affect KIM's operation, you have to
recognize that memory expansion becomes a different ball game.
Don uses the addresses from 2000 to EFFF, and that means
that you can't just add on extra memory in those areas.
Dedicating the processor to running the display in this manner
also means that it is going to have to "steal" time from this
job to run your programs. This can slow things up a bit.
Keyboards
The keyboard also doesn't have to come Into the serial port.
Some video boards have a keyboard port built in. Another
possibility is the parallel I/O ports on the KIM itself. Again,
you'll have to provide the necessary software, but it would
save you from having to buy a serial interface board .
149
If you are thinking of running both the keyboard and video board
off the parallel ports of KIM, you should add up the total number
of lines you need. By the time you include all necessary strobe
lines, you will probably find you don't have enough ports available.
Hooking To Your T.V.
When you hook a video board to a T.V. set, make sure that the
T.V. has a transformer which isolates the set from the A.C.
line. 110 volts can ruin a lot of chips in a hurry!
There are two ways of putting the video signal in the T.V.
If you want to go into the antenna terminals, you will need a
board which generates a regular T.V. frequency signal with
the video signal being imposed upon it. Kits are available
for $10 - $15.
A method less susceptible to interference problems is to go
directly into the video amplifier of the set. A T.V. repair
shop should be able to handle this if you can't. About the
simplest circuit was given in July '76 Byte, p. 38. Another
appeared in Kilobaud #7, (July '77 p. 30) . Kits are available
to make this type of conversion also.
Video Monitors
A video monitor is like a T.V. set without the ability to pick
up channels. It just takes a standard video signal (like
the one coming from a video board) and puts it on the screen.
Because they have a larger bandwidth than the normal T.V. set,
they can display more information without the characters getting
fuzzy.
Costs
At the present time, (Summer '77), you can expect to pay $150 -
$250 for a video board, $50 - $150 for a keyboard and over $300
for the combination in a box along with a serial interface .
Most of the serial interface is in the UART chip which sells
for about $10. Kits may be available for about $25 - $50.
Motherboards run $100 - $150 and a video monitor will cost
around $150 - $200.
Graphics
If you want to use your KIM for simulating video games on a
T.V. , you should be thinking in terms of a graphics board.
The graphics boards that are used with T.V. sets generate many
tiny white rectangles, squares or dot patterns on the screen,
these can be individually turned on or off at will. Some video
boards meant to display characters also have limited graphics
capability.
150
Printers
There are a number of printers on the market which use many-
small solenoids to form dot patterns through a typewriter
ribbon onto paper. These dot patterns form characters faster
than can be done with a typewriter or teleprinter. Some use
adding machine paper and others, a standard size sheet. Prices
run from $250 on up.
Also available are printers which use a specially sensitized
paper and print using a thermal process.
Floppy Disks
Once you start reading in programs which require 4K or more of
memory, you are going to find the cassette interface on your
KIM a little slow. Even with Hypertape, it will take about
1 1/2 minutes to read in 4K.
There are faster tape units on the market, but the ultimate as
far as the hobbist is now concerned is the "floppy" . The floppy
disk is like a flexable phonograph record coated with iron oxide
as is used on tapes . A read/write head is moved radially outward
from the center to read or write on different "tracks". The main
advantage over tape is the speed at which any block of information
can be located. The information is also put on very compactly
and reading it back takes only a few seconds at most.
The mechanism to do all this is a precision piece of equipment
and quite expensive. Prices are continuing to drop however
as the demand becomes greater. The electronics necessary is
also quite complex, but as with the UART, single chips are now
being made which do most of the job.
Floppies are often used in pairs. One reason for this is to
be able to back up what is stored on a disk. One disk is
simply copied to another. Since each disk may store over 1/4
million bytes , you can see how time consuming this would be
if you tried to read all information into memory and back out
on another disk. Smaller versions of floppies using a 5"
diskette (with less storage capacity) are also available at
somewhat lower prices .
Again, you need not only the floppy drive and controller
(electronics), but also the necessary software written for KIM.
The operating system software that goes with floppies is quite
complex. But then, it's also very powerful.
151
SOFTWARE TO EXPAND YOUR KIM
In addition to building extra devices onto your KIM system,
like teletype, display, or more memory, you can increase the
power of your system with special programs called software .
The name, software, is often misunderstood. Software, strictly
speaking, refers to programs that help you do the job.
They are helping Drograms, not doing programs. For example,
if you write a program to play a game, that's not software -
it's called an application program, for it actually does something.
But the programs that help your game, such as the Monitor
subroutines that you may call, are software. They don't do the
job, but they sure help.
Most of the extra software that we'll talk about here will
require extra memory to be fitted to your KIM system.
Assemblers
If you've tried writing a program, you may have noticed that
converting your coding into KIM's machine language is quite
a tedious job. For example, you may have written the command
LDA TOTAL to load the accumulator with a zero page quantity
that you have called TOTAL. Before you can enter the program,
you must convert this to the 6502 code: A5 (for LDA from zero page),
63 (the zero page location you have chosen for TOTAL).
Not too hard, perhaps; but you must look up the code and keep
track of the addresses If your program contains dozens of
instructions, this conversion - called hand assembly - can
become quite a chore .
An assembler program will do the conversion for you, quickly,
neatly, and without error. If you have a hard copy printing
device, it will give you a complete printout (called a "listing")
of your program.
A resident assembler works on program data held entirely within
KIM's memory. It's very fast, but it does need lots of memory
to hold all of your program information. Other assemblers work
from data stored on magnetic tape or on floppy disk. They are
slower, since the data must be copied into memory as it's needed,
but allow your programs to be almost unlimited in size.
A cross-assembler will assemble your KIM program on a completely
different machine, such as a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11
or a commercial time-sharing processor. Because these other
computers are not so limited in size compared to the KIM, they
can be very powerful .
152
Dis -Assemblers
A disassembler works in reverse from an assembler. If you have
a program in KIM machine language, the disassembler will print
it out in the more easily readable assembly language . Very
handy for investigating a working program, if you don't have
the listing.
For examole, if you have coding starting at address 020F that
reads: CA 10 F8 AD 04 17 85 80 ... , the disassembler would
print something like this:
02 OF CA
0210 10 F8
0212 AD 04 17
0215 85 80
DEX
BPL 02 OA
LDA 1704
STA 0080 . . .
As you can see, this is much more readable.
Interpreters (BASIC .FOCAL , etc.)
There are several "high level" languages that are much easier
for writing programs than KIM (6502) machine language.
With the proper software package, KIM can translate these
high level instructions and perform the desired actions.
The translation job takes time, so KIM will run many times slower
than its normal "machine" speed. Programming convenience is
so great, however, that most users don't mind the loss of speed.
Interoreters can take up quite a bit of memory - anywhere from
2K to 16K locations - so you'll have to be fitted with the
appropriate amount of memory expansion. If you hear of an
8K Basic interpreter, you'll know that means 8,000 locations
for the program; and of course you'll need to provide extra
memory to fit your own programs in.
A brief example will show how simple a language like BASIC
can be for programming. To input a number from your keyboard,
and type its square, you need only write:
50 INPUT A receive value "a" from keyboard
60 LET B * A*A "*" means multiplication
70 PRINT "THE SQUARE OF ";A;" IS ";B
80 STOP
See how easy it is? KIM must read each line, character by character,
decide what it means: inputting, calculating, printing or whatever,
and then perform that action. KIM works hard, but you don't .
153
Text Editors
It can be very handy to compose a number of lines of material
such as a letter, a program, or general data; put it into your
KIM system; save it permanently on tape or disk; and then later
recall it and change, insert or delete information.
If you're writing a letter, you can correct mistakes and insert
new thoughts as they occur to you, perhaps even generating
several slightly different versions to mail to various people.
If you have a program, you can correct bugs as you find them
and insert new coding as needed Data files can be kept up
to date .
Text Editors are very important with other software such as
assemblers and interpreters; often, they are built in.
Mathematical Packages
Each memory location in KIM can store a number from 0 to FF
hexadecimal, or 0 to 255 decimal. Ther are no fractions,
and you have to make special arrangement for signed (positive
and negative) numbers . You can link memory locations together
to hold larger numbers; but extremely large numbers and fractions
call for special mathematical techniques to be used. In addition,
KIM gives you only addition and subtraction; you have to work
out multiplication and division for yourself, to say nothing of
more complex functions like square roots and powers .
You can program all this yourself, if you have the time and
the mathematical background . But if you really need to perform
advanced math on your KIM, you'll be better off to obtain
a pre-written mathematical package.
Floating-point on computers means about the same as the term
"Scientific Notation" on calculators. It lets you use fractions
and deal with very large and very small values . In addition,
you'll often get extra functions - powers, roots, logarithms,
and trigonometric functions such as sines and cosines.
Many mathematical functions are often included in large interpreters .
154
CONNECTING
to i hi: woklii
KIM RUNS THE WORLD OR HOW TO CONNECT YOUR MICROPROCESSOR
TO EXTERNAL DEVICES
By Cass Lewart
Introduction - Calculator versus Computer
Most of you are familiar with the ubiquitous pocket
calculator. From the simple "four-banger" to the most
sophisticated card-programmable, the sequence of ope-
rations is always the same. You enter numbers from
either the keyboard or a program card, depress a few
keys, the calculator "crunches" your input and out
come the processed numbers on the display or printer.
Though a calculator will do a great job of processing
numbers, just try to make it perform a simple trick
of a different kind - e.g., ring a bell after comple-
ting the 150th iteration. No way! A calculator is
a closed system. In general it is not possible to
attach to it external devices not envisioned during
the original design. A microprocessor such as KIM is
quite different in this respect. In fact frequently
its main functions are not to "crunch" numbers but to
receive signals from various sensors such as photocells,
thermostats, switches or pressure transducers, to do
a small amount of processing of these inputs and then
to control devices such as lights, motors, relays
or even to play music.
In this chapter we will try to show you how easy it is
for KIM to perform operations of the type described.
KIM via its input/output ports can receive and transmit
control signals. Its built-in precision quartz crystal
controlled time reference and a built-in interval timer
further simplify various controlling tasks.
KIM Ports - KIM Talks and Listens
KIM has four special memory locations which are used
for input, output and various applications. Great
things happen if you store numbers in these locations!
156
Location
1700 Contents of Application Port A
1701 Data Direction of Port A
1702 Contents of Application Port B
1703 Data Direction of Port B
The data contents locations 1700 and 1702 store the
data transmitted to or from KIM while the data direction
locations 1701 and 1703 determine which port operates
in the input and which in the output mode. These four
special memory locations can be accessed by KIM programs
in the same way as any other location. In addition
the application port A in location 1700 and the appli-
cation port B in location 1702 are also accessible on
connector pins. They represent the physical interface
of KIM. By monitoring the appropriate pins with a volt-
meter one can detect the data stored in memory locations
1700 and 1702 when KIM is in the output mode. By setting
the appropriate pins to ground or to Vcc (+5 Volts) one
can feed data into KIM in the input mode.
As KIM is an 8-bit microprocessor, each of the two
ports A and B actually consists of eight independent
inputs or outputs. Each of the eight bit positions
from 0 through 7 appears on a different connector pin
and is a port in itself. The following are connector
pin assignments for the A and B application ports.
For example PA0 represents the 0-th or the least sig-
nificant bit of port A and PA7 the 7-th or the most
significant bit. Pin A-14 means Application connector
(lower left), the 14-th pin counting from the top,
on the upper side of the connector (the lower side
of the connector is designated by letters instead of
numbers) .
Connector Pin Assignments
Port Pin Port Pin
PA0 A-14 PB0 A-9
PA1 A-4 PB1 A-10
157
Port
Pin
Port
Pin
PA2
A-3
PB2
A-ll
PA3
A- 2
PB3
A-12
PA4
A- 5
PB4
A-13
PA5
A- 6
PB5
A-16
PA6
A- 7
PB6
Not accessible
PA7
A- 8
PB7
A-15
To assign any of the above connector pins to either
input or output mode we have to store a "magic"
number in location 1701 to control port A or in
location 1703 to control port B. A "1" stored in
a specific bit position makes the corresponding
port into an output, a "0" into an input. For
example, to assign PA7 to output and PAO through
PA6 to input requires storing 10000000 or 80hex ^n
location 1701. In the following example although
we deal only with port A, all the remarks apply
equally to the port B.
Example - Burglar Alarm
Let's suppose that we want to design a system under
KIM control such that PAO through PA6 are connected
to seven normally closed burglar alarm switches
while PA7 should control a warning bell . We want
the bell to start ringing as soon as one of the
contacts opens. The bell should keep ringing even
if the contact closes again. We will first describe
the software, or the programming part of the problem,
and then will show you the actual circuit. We assume
that by now you scanned through the KIM software
chapters and are familiar with its basic instruction
set.
158
Burglar Alarm Program
Loc
Code
Mnemonic
Comments
00
A9
80
LDA
#80
/Set PAO through PA6 to
02
8D
01
17
STA
1701
^.input and PA7 to output
05
A9
00
LDA
#00
Set output to 0
07
8D
00
17
STA
1700
Will affect PA7 only
OA
AD
00
17
LDA
1700
/Read 1700 to find if PAO
0D
29
7F
AND
#7F
< through PA6 contain all
OF
C9
7F
CMP
#7F
V'l"s (closed switches)
11
FO
F7
BEQ
OA
All are closed, go to OA
13
A9
80
LDA
#80
/At least one switch open,
15
8D
00
17
STA
1700
(.sound alarm
18
4C
13
00
JMP
0013
Stay in the loop
Now let's look at the simple circuit to operate our
burglar alarm. We connect PAO through PA6 pins directly
to the switches. If a switch is closed then the voltage
at that port is 0 Volts (ground) ; as soon as the switch
opens, an internal resistor located on the KIM board
"pulls" the port to the positive voltage Vcc of 5 Volts.
All ports except PB7 are equipped with built-in resis-
tors, called "pull-up" resistors connected to Vcc, which
set voltage at a port to Vcc when the port is in the
input mode and is not connected to ground. On the output
port PA7 is connected to the base of an amplifying tran-
sistor which drives a relay to operate an alarm bell.
The transistor is necessary because the maximum availa-
ble current of each KIM port is only on the order of
1 mA. This current would not be sufficient to drive
a relay directly.
159
SWITCHES
BURGLAR
■4 •
• 9
PAO
PA5|
PA6*
PA7
ALARM CIRCUIT
1
i
Hi.
1
ALARM
1
BELL
Multiple Drives
Now suppose you want KIM to drive several devices
rather than a single one. For example you may want
to connect a 3 x 3 matrix of LED lights to the A and
B ports to play tic-tac-toe. The simplest way to do
this is by using one of the inexpensive digit driving
ICs, such as 75492 used in many calculator circuits.
Each of these ICs will drive up to 6 lights, relays
or what have you with the simple circuit shown below.
The six IC outputs act as "sinks", which requires
that you connect one side of your electric load to
the positive battery voltage and the other side to
one of the IC outputs. When the appropriate port is
"on" current will flow through your load; when the
port is "off", current will stop. The maximum current
through each load is 200 mA.
MULTIPLE KIM INTERFACE
6
+ 5-9VW.TS
FROM'
K!ft%
MM"" ~*
>Aw3
Small
RELAY
<20OmA
160
AC Control
To go one step further we can show you how KIM can
operate AC devices without relays. However we would
like to caution you that the power line voltage of
110 Volts AC and the low voltages in your KIM do not
mix easily. You may even achieve a non-voluntary
beautiful pyrotechnic display. In other words, if
you are not careful in your soldering techniques
and like to leave a few wires dangling "just in case"
we would recommend that you skip the following
paragraph.
The circuit we show here electrically separates KIM
from the power line by means of a lamp/photocell
interface. The amplified voltage from one of the
KIM ports turns on an incandescent lamp or an LED
which lowers the resistance of a photocell which
then turns on the electronic TRIAC switch. This
simple and inexpensive circuit can easily control
an AC lamp or appliance of up to 600 Watts.
AC INTERFACE
TO LIGHT
+. OR APPLIANCE
FROM v
1 2ot>v/6h
TT-r RftOlO SHACK 17C-I08O
rm|TT«
*WT2
* TO IIOV
OUTLET
161
KIM versus Hardwired Logic
We have showed you how KIM can control relays, lights
and AC operated devices but these applications hardly
tap KIM's capabilities. With the same methods you
can also switch tracks on a model train layout, control
traffic lights, and keep your fans and air conditioners
going. The beauty of performing such tasks with a com-
puter rather than with hardwired relay logic is that
logical responses and changes in rules can easily be
implemented by changing a few statements in your prog-
ram. A redesign of a hardwired circuit on the other
hand is always difficult, time consuming, frequently
impossible without starting your design from scratch.
P/A and A/D ^Converters
So far we have discussed on/off type controls such as
switches or relays which are either open or closed.
However, there are many areas where a proportional
control with "shades of gray" instead of black or white
would be more desirable. For example if you are inte-
rested in electronic music you would like to shape
the electric signals driving your amplifiers and speakers
into sinusoids, triangles and seesaws to mimic various
instruments. Though even with a simple on/off control
you can create sounds, their acoustical range is very
limited. If you connect an audio amplifier to one of
the KIM ports and listen to the sound generated by
the 5 Volt pulses of various length and at various
repetition rates the sound will remind you only of
a variety of buzz saws and not of musical instruments.
The next step therefore is to develop a digital-to-
analog (D/A) interface for your KIM. Such an interface
will, for example, translate an 8-bit binary number
on ports AO through A7 into a voltage proportional
to the numerical value stored in location 1700 (Port A) .
A number FFftex stored in 1700 could then generate
2.0,Volts, while 20hex stored in the same location
would generate (32/255) x 2.0 = 0.25 Volts. Though
we will not describe a D/A converter in detail, it
can easily be built with either separate amplifiers
or with specially designed ICs. An example of a rela-
tively inexpensive converter is MC1408L by Motorola.
162
Similarly an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter inter-
face can be used to turn KIM into a measuring instrument
such as a digital voltmeter, thermometer or even a
speech recognizer. Applications of a microprocessor
equipped with D/A and A/D converters are limited only
by your imagination and by your wallet.
Interval Timer
Many applications which interface KIM to the outside
world benefit from the addition of a timer. For
example, you may want the train in a model train
layout to stop for exactly 45 seconds at a station
under some conditions but for only 30 seconds under
other conditions. For this and other purposes as well,
KIM has a built-in interval timer which can be set to
various multiples of its crystal controlled cycle
time of 1 microsecond (10-6 sec). By storing a number
K between 1 and FF;hex in one of the special memory
locations listed below we direct the timer to count
a specific number of cycles. The special memory lo-
cations used by the interval timer and the longest
count-down period are as follows t
Location Timer Count Max. Period (sec.)
(microseconds) For K = FFhex
1704 K x 1 0.000255
1705 K x 8 0.002
1706 K x 64 0.016
1707 K x 1024 0.26
Location 1707 is also used to sense that the timer
has finished counting. By putting the interval timer
inside a loop the timing can be lengthened to seconds,
minutes and hours. The timer starts counting as soon
as a number between 1 and FFhex ^s stored in one of
the above four locations by means of the STA (STore
Accumulator in memory) instruction. When time runs
out the BIT (test BITs in memory with accumulator)
instruction returns a non-positive value from lo-
cation 1707.
163
Timer Example
The following short program illustrates the use of
the interval timer. The program will leave the loop
after 5 x 64 = 320 microseconds count is detected
by the BIT instruction. While the timer counts,
other tasks can be performed by KIM.
Loc Code
00
02
05
A9 05
8D 06 17
Mnemonic
LDA #05
STA 1706
{
Comments
Start timer by storing
5 in 1706
Perform other tasks
10
'13
15
2C 07 17
10 F0
BIT 1707
BPL 05
Check if timer finished?
If still counting, go to
Otherwise continue
How KIM Communicates with its own Keyboard and Display
At first glance the KIM keyboard and the LED display
seem to be a hardwired fixed part of the micropro-
cessor and as difficult to access as if they would
belong to a calculator. Fortunately it is not so.
Both the keyboard and the display can be used quite
differently from the way they are used by the KIM
built-in operating system program. You can run the
display and the keyboard under the control of your
own programs to perform all kinds of tricks. For
example, you can program the LEDs to display any
pattern in any digit position which can be made with
the seven LED segments. Similarly the keyboard can
be used as input to various programs with individual
keys performing functions unrelated to their numerical
labels. For example, the "B" key in your program can
164
indicate a "Backward", command, while the "F" key can
mean "Forward" . Various game programs shown in other
sections of this book are examples of such applications.
We have tried in this chapter to give you a feeling for
what KIM can do in the way of control applications.
We hope that by now you have gained some appreciation
for KIMs potential.
******************
165
GUIDELINES FOR WRITING KIM PROGRAMS
1. Use of Memory.
— Wherever possible, place your programs in pages 2 and 3 —
addresses 0200 to 03FF. It's handy to keep page zero for
variables - values that change during program run; and
page one is best left alone because the program Stack
uses it. The Stack, by the way, only uses a few locations
- usually. But a small program error can sometimes make
the stack run wild, which would destroy your page one data.
— Your variables (changeable data) should be kept in page zero,
in locations 0000 to 00EE. These addresses are easy to use,
since you can use zero-page addressing modes which save you
time and memory.
2. Program and constants .
— Set up your programs in the following pattern: first,
the main program (starting at address 0200 or higher);
then your subroutines; and finally your data.
Keep them all fairly close together, so that when you
dump the whole thing to cassette tape it won't take
extra time to write the 'blank spaces in between'.
3 . Initial values .
— Don't assume anything about the beginning values in your
registers or in zero page . If you want to be out of
decimal mode (and you usually do) , make your first command
a CLD (D8) . If you want the accumulator to be zero,
load it with LDA #$00 (A9 00) . Every zero page variable
that needs to start at a certain value should be set
to that value by the program. For example, if you
want address 0043 to start out with a value of 7, write
LDA #$07, STA 0043 (A9 07 85 43).
4 . General .
— Make your subroutines simple, with clearly visible entry
and return points. One of the stickiest problems to find
is a subroutine that doesn't return via a RTS command,
but instead jumps straight back to your main coding . . .
or a subroutine that you somehow get into without giving
the vital JSR command .
— Avoid super clever programming, such as having the program
change itself. (It can work . . . but if it misbehaves, you
can have a bad time) .
5. Remember: Computers are dumber than humans, but smarter
than programmers .
167
LIGHTING THE KIM-1 DISPLAY
Jim Butterfield
A. SIX-DIGIT HEXADECIMAL.
The easiest way to display six digits of data is to use
the KIM-1 Monitor subroutine SCAND.
Calling JSR SCAND (20 19 IF) will cause the first four digits
to show the address stored in POINTL and POINTH (00FA and 00FB),
while the last two digits of the display show the contents
of that address .
If you look at the first three lines of subroutine SCAND
(lines 1057 to 1059 on page 25 of the listing), you'll
see how the program 'digs out' the contents of the
address given by POINTL/PQINTH and stores it in location
INH (00F9). It's neat programming, and worth studying
if you're not completely familiar with the 6502's indirect
addressing operation.
Thus, if you skip these three lines, and call JSR SCANDS
(20 IF IF) you will be displaying , in hexidecimal, the
contents of three locations: POINTH, POINTL , and INH
This, of course, takes six digits.
To recap: SCAND will display four digits of address and
two digits i$E contents. SCANDS will display six digits
of data .
Important: in both cases, the disolay will be illuminated
for only a few milliseconds. You must call the subroutine
repeatedly in order to obtain a steady display.
B. DRIVING THE BITS OF THE DISPLAY DIRECTLY.
1. Store the value $7F into PADD (1741). This sets the
directional registers .
2 . To select each digit of the display, you will want to
store the following values in location SBD (1742):
Digit 1: $09
Digit 2: $0B
Digit 3: $0D
Digit 4: $0F
Digit 5: $11
Digit 6: $13
Note that this can easily be done in a loop, adding two
to the value as you move to the next digit.
o *>
o |> o \ 0 o i i
168
, 1 ^> H fe 7
b n
^ " W>U 0 mi
7
A
,1
1
0
upper
top
right
"b"
"a"
3. Now that you have selected a particular digit, light
the segments you want by storing a 'segment control'
byte into location SAD (1740). The segments will be
lit by setting the approoriate bit to 1 in SAD according
to the following table:
( S , 1
Pit: 7 6 5 4 3 2
center upper lower bottom lower
left left right
ngii n£n "e" "d" "c"
For example, to generate a small letter 'f, we
would store $78 (center, upper left, lower left, bottom)
into SAD . 9 <
4 . Now that you have picked a digit and lit the appropriate
segments, wait a while. Sit in a delay loop for
about 1/2 millisecond before moving on to the next digit.
THE KIM-1 ALPHABET,
Some letters, like M and W, just won't go onto a 7-segment
display. Some, like E, are only possible in capitals; others,
like T, can only be done in lower case. So here's an
alDhabet of possibles:
A ■
- 3F7
B ■
- $FF
b
- $FC
C
- $B9
c
- $D8
D
- $BF
d
- $DE
E ■
- $F9
F -
- $F1
f -
• $F1
G
- $BD
g
- $EF
H
- $F6
h
- $F4
1 ■
- $86
I -
$86
i -
- $84
2 •
- $DB
J -
$9E
1 -
■ $9E
3 -
- $CF
L -
- $B8
1 -
■ $86
4 ■
- $E6
n
- $D4
5 ■
- $ED
O
- $BF
o
- $DC
6 ■
- $FD
P -
- $F3
P
- $F3
7 -
- $87
r -
• $D0
8 -
- $FF
,S -
- $ED
9 -
- $EF
t -
■ $F8
0 -
- $BF
U
- $BE
u
- $9C
minus
- $C0
Y -
- $EE
y •
- $EE
169
The following is reprinted from the KIM-1 User Manual with permission
from MOS Technology.
Interval Timer
1, Capabilities
The KIM-1 Interval Timer allows the user to specify a preset
count of up to 25610 and a clock divide rate of 1, 8, 64, or 1024
by writing to a memory location. As soon as the write occurs,
counting at the specified rate begins. The timer counts down at
the clock frequency divided by the divide rate. The current timer
count may be read at any time. At the user's option, the timer
may be programmed to generate an interrupt when the counter counts
down past zero. When a count of zero is passed, the divide rate
is automatically set to 1 and the counter continues to count down
at the clock rate starting at a count of FF (-1 in two's comple-
ment arithmetic). This allows the user to determine how many clock
cycles have passed since the timer reached a count of zero. Since
the counter never stops, continued counting down will reach 00
again, then FF, and the count will continue.
2. Operation
a. Loading the timer
The divide rate and interrupt option enable/disable are
programmed by decoding the least significant address bits. •The
starting count for the timer is determined by the value written to
that address.
Sets Divide Ratio To Interrupt Capability Is
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
1704
1
1705
8
1706
64
1707
1024
170c
1
170D
8
170E
64
170F
1024
b. Determining the timer status
After timing has begun, reading address location 1707 will
provide the timer status. If the counter has passed the count of
zero, bit 7 will be set to 1, otherwise, bit 7 (and all other bits
in location 1707) will be zero. This allows a program to "watch"
location 1707 and determine when the timer has timed out.
c. Reading the count in the timer
If the timer has not counted past zero, reading location
1706 will provide the current timer count and disable the inter-
rupt option; reading location 170E will provide the current timer
count and enable the interrupt option. Thus the interrupt option
can be changed while the timer is counting down.
170
J If the timer has counted past zero, reading either memory
location 1706 or 170E will restore the divide ratio to its pre-
viously programmed value, disable the interrupt option and leave
the timer with its current count (not the count originally writ-
ten to the timer). Because the timer never stops counting, the
timer will continue to decrement, pass zero, set the divide rate
to 1, and continue to count down at the clock frequency , unless
new information is written to the timer.
d. Using the interrupt option
In order to use the interrupt option described above, line
PB7 (application connector, pin 15) should be connected to either
the IRQ (Expansion Connector, pin k) or NMI (Expansion Connector,
pin 6) pin depending on the desired interrupt function. PB7
should be programmed as in input line (its normal state after a
RESET).
NOTE: If the programmer desires to use PB7 as a normal
I/O line, the programmer is responsible for dis-
abling the timer interrupt option (by writing or
reading address 1706) so that it does not inter-
fere with normal operation of PB7. Also, PB7 was
designed to be wire-ORed with other possible inter-
rupt sources; if this is not desired, a 5. IK resis-
tor should be used as a pull-up from PB7 to +5v.
(The pull-up should NOT be used if PB7 is connected
to NMI or IRQ. )
IMPORTANT ! !
The KIM Cassette Tape Interface
The KIM-1 USER GUIDE doesn't emphasize one vital
instruction in telling you how to read and write tapes.
BEFORE READING OR WRITING MAGNETIC TAPE , BE SURE
TO SET THE CONTENTS OF ADDRESS 00F1 TO VALUE 00.
This ensures that the computer is not in Decimal Mode.
The key sequence is AD 0 0 F 1 DA 0 0 AD.
If you forget to do this, you're likely to have trouble with
audio tape. You might write bad tape - which can never be
read back in correctly; and you might find yourself unable
to input properly from tape . Many of us have run into this
problem, and have wasted countless hours trying different
tapes and recorders or even investigating KIM's electronics.
You'll find KIM audio tape to be 100% reliable, even on
inexpensive recorders, providing you follow this rule and
always ensure that location 00F1 is set to zero.
171
NOTES ON A RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR
Jim Butterf ield
It's not my original idea - I picked up it from a technical
journal many years ago. Wish I could remember the source,
so I could credit it.
This program produces reasonably random numbers, and it won't
"lock up" so that the same number starts coming out over and
over again. The numbers are scattered over the entire range
of hexadecimal 00 to FF. A Statistician would observe that
the numbers aren't completely "unbiased", since a given
series of numbers will tend to favor odd or even numbers slightly.
But it's simple, and works well in many applications.
Here's how it works. Suppose the last five random numbers
that we have produced were A, B, C, D and E. We'll make a
new random number by calculating A + B + E +1. (The one
at the end is there so we don't get locked up on all zeros).
When we add all these together, we may get a carry, but
we just ignore it. That's all. The new "last five" will
now be B, C, D, E and the new number. To keep everything
straight, we move all these over one place, so that B goes
where A used to be, and so on.
The program:
b
xxxx D8 RAND CLD clear decimal if needed
xxxx 38 SEC carry adds value 1
xxxx A5 13 h^> LDA RND+1 last value (E)
xxxx 65 16 ADC RND+ii add B (+ carry)
xxxx 65 17 ADC RND+5 add C
xxxx 85 12 STA RND new number
xxxx A2 Oli LDX #U move 5 numbers
xxxx B5 12S^ RPL LDA RND,X
xxxx 95 23 O STA RND+1,X ..move over 1
< xxxx CA DEX
* ?p xxxx 10 F9 BPL RPL all moved?
The new random number will be in A, and in RND, and in RND+1.
Note that you must use six values in page zero to hold the
random string ... I have used 0012 to 001? in the above coding.
You often don't want a random number that goes all the way
up to 255 (Hexadecimal FF). There are two ways of reducing
this range. You can AND out the bits you don't want;
for example, AND #$7 reduces the range to 0-7 only.
Alternatively, you can write a small divide routine, and
the remainder becomes your random number; examples of this
can be seen in programs such as BAGELS.
172
The one publication that devotes all of its space to the KIM-1/6502
■achines is:
KIM-1/6502 USER NOTES
109 Centre Ave.,
W. Norriton ?A 19h01
Six issues of this bimonthly newsletter costs U.S. $5»0O for North
American subscribers and U.S. $10.00 for international subscribers.
Here's some pointers to other KIM-1/6502 articles-
BYTE-
November 1975 (p.56) - Son Of Motorola
- A description of the 6502 instruction set and comparison
with the 6800.
May 1976 (p.8) - A Date With KIM
- An in depth description of KIM
August 1976 (p.Mt) - True Confessions; How I Relate To KIM
- How to; use cheap memories with KIM by stretching the clock;
expand memory; implement interrupt prioritizing logic; sim-
ulate a HALT instruction.
March 1977 (p. 36) - 6502 op code table
March 1977 (p.70) - Simplified Omega Receiver Details
- Using the 6502 for signal processing in a low cost navigation
receiver (Mini -Omega).
April 1977 (p.8) - Kim Goes To The Moon
- A real-time lunar lander program for KIM
April 1977 (p. 100) - Navigation With Mini-0
- Software details for a phase-tracking loop filter using Jolt
or KIM.
June 1977 (p. 18) - Designing Multichannel Analog Interfaces
- Hardware and 6502 software for an 8 channel analog I/O,
June 1977 (p.^6) - Teaching KIM To Type
- Hardware and software for hooking KIM up to a Selectric.
June 1977 (p.76) - Come Fly With KIM
- Hardware and software for interfacing a Fly Paper Tape Reader
to KIM.
July 1977 (p. 126) - Giving KIM Some Fancy Jewels
- How to outboard KIM's seven -segment displays.
DR. DOBBS-
March 1976 (p. 17) - 6502 Breakpoint Routine
August 1976 (p. 17) - 6502 Floating Point Routine
August 1976 (p. 20) - Monitor For The 6502
173
August 1976 (p. 21) - Lunar Lander For The 6502
September 1976 (p. 22) - 6502 Disassembler
September 1976 (p. 26) - A 6502 Number Game
September 1976 (p. 33) - 6502 String Output Routine
November 1976 (p. 50) 6502 String Output Routine
November 1976 (p.57) - 6502 Floating Point Errata
February 1977 (p.8) - More 6502 String Output Routine
INTERFACE AGE-
September 1976 (p.l4) - A 6502 Disassembler
October 1976 (p. 65) - Interfacing The Apple Computer
- How to: hook a SWTPPR-40 to the Apple 6502.
November 1976 (p. 12) - Build A Simple A/D
- Hardware and 6502 software for simple joystick (or
whatever) interface.
November 1976 (p.103) - Floating Point Routine For 6502
April 1977 (p.l8) - "Mike"-A Computer Controlled Robot
- Hardware and 6502 software for a KIM controlled robot like
vehicle.
KILOBAUD-
January 1977 (p.ll*f) - A Teletype Alternative
- How to: Convert a parallel input TVT to serial operation;
interface to KIM.
February 1977 (p»8) - Found: A Use For Your Computer
April 1977 (p. 7*0 - KIM-1 Memory Expansion
- How to: Add an $89.95 *fK Ram board to KIM.
May 1977 (p.98) - Adding "PLOP" To Your System
- A 6502 noisemaker for computer games.
June 1977 (p. 50) - A TVT For Your KIM
NOTE: Kilobaud now has a monthly KIM column.
MICHOTREK-
August 1976 (p. 7) - KIM-1 Microcomputer Module
- A very in depth look inside KIM0
POPULAR ELECTRONICS-
July 1977 (p.^7) - Build The TVT-6
- How to: KIM-1 TVT (same as Kilobaud #6).
174
MAGAZINE
January 1977 (p. 100) - Bionic Brass Pounder
- How to: Turn KIM into a smart morse code keyboard.
*********************************************
6502 SOFTWARE SOURCES
(as of summer 1977)
ARESCO
314 Second Ave.
Haddon Hts . , New Jersey
08035
Focal, 2 1/2K assembler
6K assembler/text editor
(send S . A . S . E . for info)
The Computerist
P.O. Box 3
S. Chelmsford MA
01824
Itty Bitty Computers
P.O. Box 23189
San Jose, Calif.
95153
MICROWARE
27 Firstbrooke Rd.
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA M4E 2L2
MICRO- SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS
P.O. Box 3292
E. T. Station
Commerce, Texas 75428
6502 Program Exchange
2920 Moana Lane
Reno, Nevada 89509
Please Package, Help,
editor and mailing list
packages
(send S.A.S.E. for info)
Tom Pittman's
Tiny Basic
(send S.A.S.E. for info)
MICROCHESS, (Chess in
lk), assembler
(s end S.A.S.E. for info)
2K assembler /editor
(send S.A.S.E. for info)
Focal, Focal programs,
Kim and TIM programs
(send 50£ for program list)
Pyramid Data Systems IK monitor system.
6 Terrace Ave. (send S.A.S.E. for info)
New Egypt, New Jersey
08533
Julien Dub6 Baudot Monitor
3174 Rue Douai (send S.A.S.E.)
Ste-Foy, Quebec G1W 2X2
Canada
175
Jim Butterf ield
14 Brooklyn Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M4M 2X5
Lew Edwards
1451 Hamilton Ave.
Trenton 9, N.J. 08629
Charles Eaton
19606 Gary Avenue
Sunnyvale, California
94086
Peter Jennings
27 Firstbrooke Rd.
Toronto, Ontario Canada
M4E 2L2
Ron Kushnier
3108 Addison Ct.
Cornwells Hts., Penna.
19020
Stan Ockers
R.R.#4, Box 209
Lockport, 111.
60441
Charles Parsons
80 Longview Rd.
Monroe, Conn.
06468
Eric Rehnke
109 Centre Ave.
W. Nor ri ton PA
19401
Cass Lewart or
Dan Lewart
12 Georjean Drive
Holmdel, N.J. 07733
James Van Ornum
55 Cornell Drive
Hazlet, N.J.
07730
Jim Pollock
6 Terrace Ave.
New Egypt, New Jersey
08533
Joel Swank
#186
4655 S.W. 142nd
Beaverton, Ore. 97005
****************************************************
Here are the folks responsible. They eagerly await your
praise, comments, criticism, indignation - whatever...
Please do the courtesy of enclosing a self-addressed
stamped (if possible) envelope (SASE) if you wish a reply.
176
THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM
J!M BUTTERRELO. STAN OCKERS, and ERIC REHNKE
Here is a 3iep by-step guide that will take you through the fundamentals of
writing KIM programs. This beginner's guide includes dozens of examples
of programs that are run on a basic KIM-1 system. These programs include
games ana ouzzles such as Blackjack, Chess Clock, Horserace, Lunar
Lander, Music Box, and Ping Pong, which are fully described so that you
can learn from the pre jramming techniques illustrated as well as have fun
playing the games.
The authors go into detail on how you can expand your KIM from the
bas'c small-but-powerful KIM-1 system to a huge-and-super-powerful ma-
chine. They include diagnostic and utility programs to help you build exira
devices onto your KIM system, such as teletype, display, or more memory.
The book also covers the jargon of KIM programming and what's available
in both hardware and software nr the KIM microprocessor.
Other Books of interest . . .
HOW TO BUILD A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED ROBOT
TOD LOCFBOURROW
Use the KIM-1 microprocessor t , build your own computer-controlled robot,
hfe.c; are ste1' by-step directions for the construction of a robot with the
complete control program^ clearlv written out. Photographs, diagrams, and
tables direct you thro .qh the construction. #5681-8, paper.
BAS!C BASIC: An Introduction to Computer Programming in
BASIC Language, Second Edition
ADVANCED BASIC: Applications and Problems
BOTH by JAIVitS S. COAN
The complete picture of the BASIC language. One introduces the Isnguage
through an integration of programming and the teaching of mathematics.
The otr ;r offers advanced techniques find applications. Both begin with
short, complete programs .3nd progress to more sophisticated problems.
Basic BASIC, #5106-8, paper, #5107-7, cloth; Advanced BASIC, #5855-1.
paper, #5856-X, cloth.
HOh E COMPUTER SYSTEMS HANDBOOK
SOL Llf ES
An ov >rview of the new world or home computing. Provides the basics of
digital logic, number systems, computer hardware, and software to intel-
ligent y purchase, assemble, and interconnect components, and to program
the microcomputer. #5678-8, paper.
HAYDEN ROOK COMPANY, INC.
Rochelle Park, New Jersey
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